CHAPTER ONE

Yoga: An Introduction

All the great teachers of humanity, at all times and in all climes � the vedic Rishis, Zoroaster, Mahavir, Buddha, Christ, Mohammed, Nanak, Kabir, Baba Farid, Hazrat Bahu, Shamas Tabrez, Maulana Rumi, Tulsi Sahib, Swamiji and many others � gave to the world but one sadhna or spiritual discipline. As God in one, the God-way too cannot but be one. The true religion or the way back to God is of God�s own making and hence it is the most ancient as well as the most natural way, with no artifice or artificiality about it.� In it's practical working, the system needs the guidance of an adept or a teacher well versed in the theory and practice of Para Vidya, the science of the Beyond, as it is called, for it lies Beyond the grasp of the mind and of the sense-faculties. Where the worlds philosophies end, there the true religion starts. The scriptures texts gives us, at best some account of the path so far as it can be put into imperfect words, but cannot take us to the path nor can they guide us on the path.

The spiritual Path is essentially a practical Path. It is only the spirit � disencumbered and depersonalized � that can undertake the spiritual journey. The inner man, the soul in man, has to rise above body-consciousness before it can traverse into higher consciousness or the consciousness of the cosmos and of the Beyond. All this and more becomes possible through the Surat Shabd Yoga or the union of �self� in man (surat or consciousness) with the Shabd or� Sound Principle, through the grace of some Master-soul.

In order to have a clear idea of the teaching of the Master's from the hoary past right to the present time, it would be worth our while to study the Nature and extent of the Surat Shabd Yoga and it's teachings in relation to the various yogic systems as taught by the ancients, and also the principles of Advaitism as propounded by Shankaracharya.

The term yoga is derived from the Sanskrit root yuj which means meeting, union, communion consummation, abstraction, realization, absorption or metaphysical philosophizing of the highest type, that promise to bring close proximity between the soul and the Oversoul (Jiva-atma and Parmatma or Brahman). Patanjali, the reputed Father of the yoga system, after the fashion of his progenitor Gaudapada defines yoga as elimination of the vritis or modulations that always keep surging in the mind-stuff or chit in the form of ripples. He calls it chit vriti nirodha or the suppression of the vritis, i.e., clearing the mind of the mental oscillations. According to Yajnavalkya, yoga means to effect, or to bring about, at-one-ment of the individual� soul with Ishwar or Brahman. The yogins generally define it as the enshrouding sheaths in which it is enveloped in it's physical existence. Sant Mat or the Path of the Master, far from denying any of these objectives of yoga, accept and endorses in full all that is said above and in some measure, agrees to the aims and ends thereof, but regards them at best as mere pointers to the goal. It does not rest there, however, but goes Beyond and tells us of the �Way In� to the heavenly Home of the Father, the spiritual journey that the spirit has to undertake from death to life immortal (Fana to Baqa), by rising above self-analysis and withdrawal of the spirit current from the body and concentrating them at the seat of the soul (Tisra Til), and then generally passing through the intermediary centers Beyond Bunk-naal, the inverted, tube-like passage, until it reaches the final stage of consummation and attains at-one-ment with it's source.

Here one might ask the question as to the need for union between the soul and the oversoul, When the two are essentially the same and are already embedded one in the other. Theoretically speaking, this is correct, but how many of us are consciously aware of this and work practically in the light and life and of this knowledge and awareness? On the other hand, the soul is always following the lead of the mind, the mind that of the senses, and the senses that of the sense-objects, with the result that the soul, by constant association with the mind and the senses for ages upon ages, has completely lost it's own individual (undivided) identify and has for all practical purpose become identified with the mind. It is this veil of ignorance which has come in between the soul and the Oversoul that has to be removed to enable the soul to come into own, to realize it's inherent Nature and then to seek it's real home and gain life eternal. All religions were originally designed by man solely with this end in view but unfortunately in the course of time man gradually drifts away from reality and becomes the slave of his own handicrafts and religions, as religions deteriorate into institutionalized churches and temples, rigid codes of moral and social conduct, lacking the living touch and the pulsating life-impulse of their founders.

�I know no disease of the soul but ignorance,� says Ben Jonson. How to remove the veil of ignorance is the problem of problems. We have allowed it to grow into an impervious rock too hard to be blasted. Still, the sages have provided various means to rend the otherwise impenetrable veil, such as Jnana Yoga, Bhakti yoga and Karma Yoga and other methods. The Light of true knowledge, as visualized by Jnana Yoga, may be able to dispel the darkness of ignorance, just as a lighted candle may dispel darkness from a dark room. By Bhakti Yoga one may be able to change the course of hatred, separateness. And duality into that of love for all, at-one-ment and oneness with all living creatures and thereby be established in the all embracing love for all. Finally, by means of Karma Yoga one may be able to root out feelings of selfishness, egocentricity, self-aggrandizement and self-love and engage in charitable deeds of philanthropy and similar activities, which may be beneficial to mankind in general, and acquire fellow feelings and love for all, see the reflex of the universe within his own self and that of his self in all others, and realize ultimately the principle of the Fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man. These are, in the main, the three paths or rather three aspects of an integrated path of head, heart and hand, whereby one may achieve the desired end, the union of the soul with the Over soul. They may for convenience be briefly termed the process of self-mastery, self-sublimation and self-sacrifice, leading ultimately to �Cosmic consciousness,� or awareness of the all-pervading Reality as the basis of all that exists.

The objective in each case is the same and each aims at the same target, though in the initial elementary stages each of them starts from dualistic consideration. It is from dualism that one starts, and in non dualism (advaitism) that one ends; and for this one may take to the path of divine knowledge, of universal love and devotion or of selfless service of humanity.

The target ever remains the same, though the archers aiming at it be so many.�

-RAJEB

In Jnana Yoga, for instance, one has through to develop the faculty of discrimination, so as to be able to distinguish between a gyani and gyan, i.e., ignorance and true knowledge, the illusory character of Maya and the reality of Brahman. When he is convinced of the latter he gets glimpses of nothing but Brahman pervading everywhere� in it's limitless essence, immanent in all forms and colors which take their design and hue from that essence alone. this perception is the dawning of true knowledge and divine wisdom.

In bhakti yoga, like wise, we begin with the twin principles of bhagat and bhagwant, or the devotee and the deity, and the devotee gradually loses his little self and sees his deity all pervading, and his own self expands so as to embrace the totality as does his own isht-deva. �whoever enters a salt mine, tends to become salt.� As you think, so you become.

Again, in karma yoga, one may enter the karma kshetra or the field of actions, under some impelling force to begin with, but in course of time he learns the value of selfless karma. Larmas when performed for their own sake without any attachment to the fruit therefore, cease to be binding, and by force of habit one gradually becomes neh karma (actionless in action), or a still point in the ever revolving wheel of life. in this way, when one from the circumstances of his being reaches the center of his being, he acquires inaction in action and is freed from the binding effect of karmas.

Vritis: What they are

When a current emanating from the spirit strikes any object, such as a physical thing, a mental feeling, an idea, or a sensory sensation, and returns to its source, it is called a vriti. The vriti produces a modulation in the mind- stuff. All our knowledge of the world without and within comes from or originating from an object, Passes through the eyes to the brain , where it is converted into thought the eyes to the brain, where it is converted into thought impression making us aware of the object.

Vritis are five kinds:

(i) Parman: The relation ship between the pure soul and Prakriti or called parman. In every manifestation, the pure souls find its own essence at the core and nothing is apart and distinct from it.

(ii) Vipreh : The relationship between the knowing soul and Prakriti or� Nature�s object is called Vipreh. It takes in and accpts� the manifested form as it is , but remains skeptical of the one and accepts the manifested form as it is, but remains skeptical of the one and active life- principle at the core of it.

(iii) Vikalp: It is the relationship that mind-ridden soul has with the objects, producing doubt and delusion as to the objects themselves, their existence, their intrinsic Nature and the life- essence at their core.

(iv) Nidra: It is the relationship that the prana- covered soul has with the objects. It embraces in it's fold the twin state of dream and deep slumber, regardless of the existing surroundings.

(v) Smriti: it is the relationship of the embodied soul with the objects of the world on the physical plane.

� All these vritis constitute so many hurdles in the way of the soul seeking to understand it's true and essential Nature, which in reality is nothing but that of God. Kabir therefore says � soul is the same essence as that of God.�

�Similarly , the Muslim divines express the same ides when they speak of the soul as Amar-I-Rabbi or the fiat of God.

If one could but clear the chit of the vritis ( chit vriti nirodha , as it is called), nothing would be lefe except the pure essence of Godhead. Hence we have the oft- repeated famous dicta on yoga, as in the following:

Chit virit nirodha (clearing the mind of the mental oscillations ) is the essence of yoga.

PATANJALI

At one ment of the soul and the over soul is yoga.

YAJANAVLKYA

Extrication of the soul from the materials of life by disrobing if of the enshrouding sheaths, is yoga.

MACHHANDRA NATH AND GORAKH NATH

The easiest, the most ancient, and the most natural way to gain the fruit of yoga, as taught by kabir, nanak and others before and after them, is that of Shabd yoga, or sehaj yoga, as given by all the Master Saint from the time immemorial. When the spirit is able, by practice of the spiritual sadhana, a pure spirit, complete in itself, a conscious entity, self existence and self luminous , ever the same and eternally free. According to the Saints, yoga is communion of the soul with the holy word (God into expression), the Power of God or the spirit of God: sruti, sraosha, kalma, Naam or the holy spirit as variously designated by the various sages each in his own particular time.

Soul and Oversoul

1. soul is the reality and the essence. It is one as well as a totality. In one there is always the delusion of many, and the totality does signify the existence therein of so many parts. The ideas of a part and of the whole go check by jowl, and both the part as well as the whole are characterized by the similarity of the essential Nature in them.

2. the essence of a thing has it's own attribute Nature and the two cannot be separated from each other. Just as the essence is both one and many, so is the case with it's attributive Nature.

3. the essence of a thing is it's very life breath. It is the only primal principle that pervades everywhere and is the reality behind all forms and colors. This active life principle is the very source of creation and goes variously by the names of prakriti in the subtle, pradhan in the casual, and maya or matter in the physical world.

4. the attributive Nature of a thing is it's integrated part and parcel in which it's Nature inheres. Just take the case of light. can light be conceived of as apart from the sun, or radiant vitality apart from a gloriously healthy personality? One does not exit without the other as the two are inseparable and fully embedded in each other.

5. any attempt to consider the two �Nature and it's science as separate, even if only in imagination, is bound to bring in the idea of duality. It is only in terms of this duality that one can conceive of the creation as distinct from the creative principle as being the result of the outer play of the twin forces of spirit, called matter and soul. The scientific investigations too have now come to the irresistible conclusion that all life is one continuous existence at different levels and what we call inherit matter is nothing but energy at it's lowest and what we call inherit matter is nothing but energy at it's lowest stage.

In Nature itself, both in the subtle and casual planes, these two principles are always at work: God and prakriti in the subtle, God and pradhan in the casual, and soul and matter in the physical universe. The creation everywhere is but the outcome of the impact of the one the other.

6. soul then is the life principle and the root cause at the core of everything, for nothing can come into manifestation without it. it has a quickening effect, and impart it's life impulse to the seemingly inert matter by contact with it. it is by the life and light of the quickening impulse of the soul that matter assumes so many and colors with their variety of patterns and designs which we see in the universe.

7. this life current or soul is extremely subtle, a self, effulgent spark of divine light, a drop from the ocean of consciousness, with no beginning and no end, and eternally the same, an unchangeable permanence, boundless, complete in itself, an ever existent and all sentient entity, immanent in every form, visible and invisible, for all things manifested themselves because of it. nothing is made that is not made by it.

the one remains, the many change and pass,

life like a dome of many colored glass,

Saints the white radiance of eternity.

8. just as the sun spreads out it's rays in the world, as an ocean carries on it's surface bubbles, ripples,

waves, tides and currents and as a forest is made up of innumerable trees, so does oversoul or God, when looked at through his creation, appear to be split into so many forms, exhibiting and reflecting the light and life of God in a rich panorama of variegated colors. Yet his spirit into so many beads, while he, unconcerned, remains apart from all in his own fullness.

9. the first downwards projection of the spiritual current, as it emanated from God, brought into manifestation� ether (akash), which is the most subtle of the elements and spreads everywhere in space. This has two aspects. One is that of the spirit or soul remaining unmanifest in the ether, and the other that of the manifested ether, wherein the two forces, positive and negative, which are inherent in it, further combined and brought into manifest air gave birth to fire (agni) and the manifest fire produced water(jal) and the Manifest water led to the formation of earth (prithvi), while the spirit of each element which is essencially the same remained unmanifest thought.

��

In the same way as above, what we call has an essential godhood, absolute and imageless, the life and spirit of the universe, and at the same time the universe itself with it's varied creation full of and manifesting so many forms and colors, appearing and disappearing like ripples in the sea of life. the unmanifest and impersonal God is free from all attributes while his individualized rays, as manifested in countless forms and colors by constant contact with maya, prakriti and pradhan (physical, subtle and causal) feel themselves, through ignorance of their true Nature, as limited and separated from each other and are thereby drawn into the ambit of the inexhorable Karmic law or the Law of cause and effect, which entails a consequence of every deed, every word and every thought. What is unfulfilled in one life is fulfilled in another, and thus the giant wheel of life and death once set in motion goes on perpetually by the force of it's own inexhaustible momentum. Herein lies the difference between the individualized soul on the one hand, and the great soul of the universe (called God) on the other, the one being bound and limited, the other being without bounds or limits.

Prakriti or matter

The term Prakriti is a compound term and is derived from the Sanskrit root pra meaning �first,� and kar signifying �to act� and thus Prakriti stands for original matter (latent energy) which, when acted upon by positive spirit force, brings into being the many forms, patterns and designs in the vast creation of the Great Creator. This is called Maya, and all that can be seen or felt by any of the senses falls in the category of matter or Prakriti. Matter, as explained above, is latent energy at it's lowest level, which is quickened into activity (activated) and made to assume the many different forms that we perceive as patient. This process from passivity into activity of energy leads to creation, or manifestation of the hitherto unmanifested spirit force.

Brahman or spirit force comes into being only through a gross covering (kaya).

Just as the totality of the seemingly individualized souls goes to make Oversoul (God ), so also the mighty maze of the created being and things with different forms and color in their totality, is called Prakriti.

Prakriti by itself can neither be felt by the senses nor has it any existence of itself, but comes into manifestation only when acted upon by the spirit force. Just as the rays of the sun have no existence apart from the sun and appear only when the sun rises on the horizon, so does Prakriti, in conjunction with the life-impulse, assume innumerable shapes and forms Beyond the human ken, and the One invisible soul seems to get diversified into individualized parts, with different names and varied species that baffle description and solution. Still, the yogins have taken into account the five Koshas or the enshrouding sheaths that have come to cover up the spirit current in it's downward descent, and have devised and formulated ways and means to remove them.� These koshas or covering may briefly be described as:

1. Vigyan-mai Kosh: Covering of the mental apparatus or intellectual with it's two phases: one concerned with knowledge (gyan) on the physical plane and the other with enlightenment (Vigyan) on the spiritual planes. This is the fist covering in which the spirit gets wrapped as it comes in contact with the subtle matter called Prakriti. The Light of the soul, as it reflects in the intellectual center, brings into motion what is commonly known as intellect, consisting of inner spiritual perception and outer cognition. The soul, along with this reflected intellectual ability, becomes both cognitive and perceptive.

2. Man-O-mai Kosh: This is the second covering or sheath that the intellectualized or the cognitive soul wraps around itself by further intensive contact with Prakriti, which now begins to reflect the mind-stuff as well; and with this added faculty of the soul becomes inclined toward the mind and gradually gets mind-ridden.

3. Pran-mai Kosh: The covering of the pranas ( the vital airs) constitute the third sheath around the soul. As the thinking (cognitive) the mind-bound soul presses still further upon Prakriti (matter), it begins to vibrate with pranas, which are of ten types according to their different functions. This makes the cognitive and mind-bound soul to be pran-mai, or impelled by a quickening effect.

4. Anna-mai Kosh: when the cognitive, mind-bound and impulsive soul works upon the Prakriti, it forges therein yet another type of covering, that of anna-mai. This is the last of the five sheats, and for it's maintenance it begins to feel a continuing need for anna or food stuff, and other sense objects. This anna-mai covering is just an inner lining of the physical body (gross matter), which in fact is it's outer manifestation; and it continues to wrap the soul even when it's outer form; i.e., body, declines, decays and disintegrates.

The existence of this coarse physical body depends upon the healthy condition of the Anna-mai kosh on the inside of it.

Some of the sols, even when they cast off their outer physical body, still hanker after food because of the Ann-mai Kosh, hunt after the pleasures of the world and continue to haunt human habitations in their wandering for satisfaction of their innate cravings. It is so satisfy these craving of the physical disembodied souls that the Hindus perform pind dan and saradhs, and make propitiatory offering to the manes or the departed souls so that they may find rest and peace.

5. However, it is Anand-mai Kosh (Bliss) that is the first and the foremost of these Koshas or covering. This is almost an integral part of the soul itself. It is the most subtle sheath, like that of a thin covering over a lighted candelabra. One experience it is a little when in deep and dreamless slumber (sushupti), for on waking up he retains a hazy idea of the anand or bliss that he experienced in that completely undisturbed state of rest.

These then are the five koshas or hijabs (curtains or covering mantles) as the Muslims call them, and they cover the soul, folds within fold. The aim or purpose of all yogas is to gradually disentangle the soul from these covering one by one, until it is finally disengaged from all of them and is restored to it's original and pristine glorious state of self luminosity (Swayam Jyoti), which is no less than that of several suns put together. This is the stage of Aham Brahm Asmi or �I am Brahm,� and when attained, one not only feels himself to be at oneness with God, but actually hails God with the words � Ayam Athma Brahma � �O God! I am of the same essence as Thou art.� Most of the yoga systems take this to be the be-all and end-all of all spiritual endeavors. This is in fact is the highest and the last stage of self-realization, but is yet a halfway house on the spiritual journey � a stage of no mean consequence, for it is from here that a rare soul starts towards the much coveted goal of complete realization of God, since it is Khud Shanasi (Self-knowledge ) that gradually leads on to Khuda Shanasi (knowledge of God ).

Self-knowledge and actual self-realization is the culminating point in the process of self-analysis, without which one cannot proceed Godward and enter into the Kingdom of God. In this process of inversion and withdrawal of the spirit within by rising above body- consciousness and freeing the spirit from the tentacles of the mind, the easiest, quickest, and surest process is by communion with the Shabd or the Sound Current ( The Holy Word), and this is the only means for God-realization. It is the most ancient way the world has known, coming down as it does from the dawn of creation itself. It is coeval with Man from the day he became separated from his Father in heaven. All the great Master of mankind gave this word to their disciples. This is baptism with the Holy spirit, as Christ put it.

Relationship between the three bodies and Five Koshas

The human body consists of three raiments: physical, astral or subtle, and the causal or seed-body.

In the physical body we have all the five koshas or covering, and that is why we, in our walking state, get some knowledge and experience of the five things: bliss, cognition (inner or outer), mindfulness (chit and it's vritis or mental modulations), pranic vibrations and the physical systems.

As one rises into the astral or the subtle body, one loses consciousness of the physical existence, while the soul mentally experience the rest of the four states, viz., bliss cognition, mindfulness and pranic vibrations.

As the spirit travels higher on into the causal body, even the mental apparatus itself drops off and only the Power of smriti (remembrance) remains, and it witness and gives an account of the bliss experienced in that state.

Division of creation according to the Koshas

All beings from gods to man, as well as the other forms of life, including plants, are classified into five categories in relation to the preponderance of the one or the other of the faculties:

1. ��purely cognitive beings, like Brahma, Vishnu and Mahesh, etc.

2. Beings endowed with mind-stuff: Indra and other deities, gods and goddesses, etc.

3. Being endowed with pranic vibrations: Yakshas, Gandharbas and other spirit, etc.

4. Physical beings: Men, animals, birds, reptiles and insects, etc.

The creatures endowed with physical bodies have all the five koshas or covering in them in varying degree of density (Anand-mai, Vigyan-mai, Mano-mai, Pran-mai and Anan-mai); while those endowed with pranic vibrations have but four koshas, dropping off Anna-mai. Similarly, creatures gifted with the mind-stuff have but three, dropping of Pran-mai as well, and again, cognitive beings have but two, namely Anand-mai and Vigyan-mai, as they are freed from the shackles of the mind, the pranas and the need of for anna or foodstuff.

There is thus a very close correspondence between the five primary elements (earth, water, fire, air and ether), of which the bodies are made, and the koshas or coverings. In fact, the koshas themselves are, more or less, the effective result of the five basic elements and endow creatures with the five faculties enumerated above.

5. The liberated soul (jivan mukta) has but a transparent veil of Anand-mai kosh. Spirit in it's pure and unalloyed form is the creator, for all creation springs from it, and it sometimes known as Shabd Brahm. It is the self-effulgent light, self-existent, the� causeless cause of everything visible and invisible. The spirit and God both are alike in their Nature and essence, i.e., subtlety and bliss. This blissfulness is the very first offspring of the interaction of soul and Prakriti, and being the primal manifestation of the God hood in the soul, remains the longest to the end in it's fullness in spite of the other four covering enveloping it and bedimming it's luster. Blissfulness being the essential and inseparable quality of the soul inheres in it's very Nature. This is why the searching soul ever feels restless, and feels terribly the loss of it's essence� in the mighty swirl of the world. This is why Christ emphatically declared:

Take heed that the light which is in thee be not darkness.

- ST. LUKE

Having thus lost sight of the inner bliss, we try to find happiness in the worldly objects and take momentary pleasures as a synonym for true� happiness but very soon get disillusioned. This leads to the innate quest for real happiness. it is the eternal quest in the human breast, and from outward, ephemeral and evanescent pleasures one is forced to turn inwards in search of true happiness. this leads on to the beginning of the various yoga systems, one and all, according to the needs of the individual� aspirants.

1. Persons with gross tendencies, animal instincts, and interested only in body-building process and developing the Anna-mai Atma, successfully take recourse to Hatha Yoga.

2. Persons afflicted with wind or gastric troubles, due to obsessions with pran vayu in their system, can combat these with the help of Pran Yoga.

3. Persons with Mano-mai Atma in the ascendant, and suffering from mal, avaram and vikshep, i.e., mental impurities, ignorance and modulations of the mind, can with the help of Raja Yoga conquer and pierce through the Mano-mai Kosh.

4. Persons gifted with a strong intellectual bent of mind are ever engaged in finding the why and whereof of things. Such aspirants take to the path of Vigyan or Jnana yoga.

5. Those who are anxious to escape from the world and all that is worldly and seek bliss for it's own sake have the path of Anand Yoga or the yoga of true happiness, called the Sehaj Yoga.

In the Sehaj Yoga, the aspirant does not have to undergo any of the rigorous disciplines characteristics of the other yogas. He must have a sincere and ceaseless yearning for the end of all ends, the goal of all goals, not content with a mere mastery of his physical and mental powers. And when there is such a longing, sooner or later he would find, as Ramakrishna found Totapuri, an adept to put him in touch with the vital life current within, and the current by it's own force and attractions will draw him up without any excessive struggle or effort on his part. It is this that makes it in a sense the easiest of all yogas and thus it is often called Sehaj Yoga (the effortless Yoga). It can be practiced with equal ease by a child as well by an old man; by a woman as well as a man; by the intellectually gifted and ingenious as well as the simple hearted; by the sanyasin as well as the� householder. It consists in attuning the soul to the spiritual current ever vibrating within, hence it is known as the Surat Shabd Yoga, or the Yoga of the sound current.

With these preliminary remarks we are know in a position to discuss the subject of yoga with it's various essentials as taught by Patanjali, to understand the part that each plays, the technique involved therein, how each step works out, and how far the yogic exercises help practically in achieving the desired result � liberation of soul from the bondage of mind and matter � so as to realize it's own potential Nature as distinct from body-consciousness, and then to rise into cosmic consciousness and further on into cosmic consciousness and further on into super-cosmic consciousness. It is the freed soul that has to experience �awareness� at varying levels, from realization of the self to that of cosmic and ultimately to that of super cosmic or God.

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CHAPTER TWO

YOG VIDYA AND YOG SADHNA

THE PATH OF YOGA IN THEORY AND PRACTICE

1. THE BASIS OF ANCIENT YOGA

ORIGIN AND TECHNIQUE OF THE YOGA SYSTEM

FORM THE yajnavalkya smriti, we learn that Hiranyagarba (Brahma) was the original teacher of yoga. But the yoga system, was first expouned by Patanjalii the great thinker and philosopher, in his yoga sutras, sometime before the Christian era. The yogic system is one of the six schools of Indian Philosophy (khit shastras) that were systematized and developed to set in order Indian thought concerning the cosmos, the individual� soul, and their interrelation. These philosophies resulted from an attempt at reformation and restoration of the ancient and time-honored concepts on psychological and metaphysical matters.

The word yoga in common parlance means �method�. In it's technical sense, it connotes �yokes� or �union� signifies to unite or join together and to place oneself under yoke (discipline). In this context, the yoga system denotes a methodical discipline, which aims on the one hand at viyog (unyoking), or separation of the individualized soul from mind and matter, and on the other hand , yog, or yoking it with Brahman . It therefore, means and implies the search for the transcendental and the divine in man, or to find the �noumenal�in the �phenomenal� by reducing the physical metaphysical states to their most essential common factor, the basis and the substratum of all that exists, whether visible or invisible. As such, yogic methods imply a system of attain perfection through the control of the physical body, the ever � active mind, the self- assertive ego or will, the searching and questioning intellect, the pranic vibration, the restless faculties and powerful senses.�� Allegorically, the present state of the individualized soul is described as riding in the chariot of the body, with dazed intellect as the charioteer, the infatuated mind as the reins, and the sense as the powerful steeds rushing headlong into the field of sense of yoga discipline activity as� may help to depersonalize the soul and free it supramental, and then to contact it with the power of God and achieve union with God.

The word yoga is however not to be confused with yogmaya and �yogic powers� which denote respectively, the supreme powers of God per Saints (creating, controlling and sustaining the entire creation), and pshchic power (Ridhis and siddhis that one may acquire on the path of yoga. Again, yog vidya or the science of yoga has a two-fold aspect; the physical as well as the spiritual. In the former sense, it has come to mean a yogic system of physical culture aiming at a all-round development of the various component parts of the human body. But we are concerned here with the spiritual aspect of yoga in this context is, therefore, to be strictly nored. The term yoga in this context is, therefore, to be strictly confined to one of the systems of philosophic thoughts as derived from the Vedas, and is concerned with the sole object of regaining the soul (through spiritual discipline), now lost in the activity of mind and matter, with which it has come to identify itself by long and constant association for aeons upon aeons. Yoga, in brief, stands for a technique of reorientation and reintegration of the spirit in man, the lost continent of his true self.

Fundamental concepts

Yoga presupposes two factors that account for the creation of the world: (1) Ishwar or God and (2) Avidya or Maya. While the former is all intelligent, the latter is altogether unintelligent. Man too is a combination of these two basic principles. Jiva or the individual soul though intrinsically of the same essence as that of God, is encased in mind and matter. The soul, conditioned as it is in the time-space-cause world, has but an imperfect perception and cannot see the reality, the atman or the Divine Ground, in which it rests and from where it gets it's luminosity. While antahkaran, or the mind, is the reflector, the atman is the illuminator, the light of which is reflected through the senses that perceive the world. The world then is the conjunction of the �seer� and the �seen.� The detachment of this conjunction is the escape, and perfect insight is the means of escape. Salvation therefore lies in the isolation of the seer from the seen, the complete detachment of the subjective from all that is objective: physical, mental and causal, so that the �Self� which is the seer, may see itself in its won luminosity or �Light of the Void,� as it is called.

To free the individual soul from the shackles of mind and matter, yoga insists on (1) concentration, (2) active effort or striving, which involves the performance of devotional exercises and mental discipline.� The highest form of matter is cit, the unfathomable lake of subliminal impressions, and yoga aims at freeing the inner man or spirit from these fetters.� It is the finest and rarefied principle in matter that constitutes chit or the little self (ego) in man.� Though in itself, it is essentially unconscious, it is subject to modifications by the operation of the three-fold gunas.� It has also the capacity to contract and expand according to the nature of the body in which it is lodged from time to time, or according to the surrounding circumstances.

This chit or mind, though apparently bounded in each individual, is in fact a part of the all-pervading universal mind.� The yoga systems aim at transforming the limited and conditioned mind into limitless and unconditioned Universal Mind, by developing the satva (pure) and by subduing the rajas (active) and tamas (dense) gunas.� In this state, yogins acquired omniscience, being one with the Universal mind (Brahmandi orNij manas).� Chit is the reflecting mirror for the soul, and exists for chaitanmaya, or matter quickened by soul, which is self-luminous and in whose spiritual light takes place all perception, including the light of knowledge, mental and supramental.� The subliminal impressions in the chit cause desires and interest, which in turn produce potencies, and these lead to personality, thus setting the wheel of the world in perpetual motion.� When once the soul is freed from the chit, manas, budhi, and ahankar, it comes into its own, and becomes passionless and depersonalized.� This is the great deliverance which yoga promises to yogins.� At this severance from the four-fold fetters of the mind, the embodied soul (jiva) becomes a freed should (atman), unindividualized, self-luminous, and attains realization as such. �Self-realization� then is the highest aim of yoga.

1. The Path and the Branches of

Ashtang Yoga

The yogic art is long, tortuous and arduous.� The reality of the self lies buried under the debris of the mind, consisting of mal, avaran and vikshep, viz., filth or impurities, ignorance of the true values of life, and constant vacillations or modulations in the chit.� The mental stratum has therefore to be cleared of all these and then to be pierced through and penetrated to find the divine nature of the self or atman.� To achieve this, one has to conquer desires, to develop steadiness of thought, to cultivate virtues like continence, abstinence, temperance, righteousness, etc., and to develop vairagya, or detachment.

To overcome the hindrances and to realize the self, Patanjali gives an elaborate account of what he terms Ashtang Yoga, prescribing an eight-fold method consisting of:� (1) Yama, (2) Niyama, (3) Asana, (4) Pranayam, (5) Pratyahara, (6) Dharna, (7) Dhyan and (8) Samadhi.

I � II.� YAMAS AND NIYAMAS

Yama:� The term yama literally means to expel, to eject, to throw out or to eliminate.� It denotes abstention from vices and from entertaining any evil thoughts, or accepting any negative impressions which may tend to weaken the mind and the will.

Niyama:� The term niyama on the contrary, signifies acceptance, cultivation, observance and development of positive virtues, harboring good feelings, and absorbing these virtues into one�s system.

Thus, these two words connote the simultaneous rejection of evil, and the assiduous cultivation and acceptance of good, respectively.� Patanjali enumerates these abstinences and observances as ahimsa (non-injury), satya (non-lying), asteya (non-stealing), brahmcharya� (non-sexuality) and aprigreha (non-convetousness or non-possessiveness).

In respect of abstinences, it is said:

(i) One who is rooted in ahimsa, has no enemies.

(ii) One who is anchored in satya, his words cannot but come true and bear fruit.

Some Yamas and Niyamas

��

YAMAS�� NIYAMAS

Abstention from�� Acceptance and observance of

1.� Negation of God.�� Faith in God Godly power.

2.� Self-indulgence.�� Self-control and chastity (Brahmcharya or

�� purity in thoughts, words and deeds).

3.� Dishonest and fraudulent livelihood.�� Earning a living by honest and truthful

�� means.

4.� Unhygienic and impure conditions of�� Cleanliness: inner, by water irrigation within��

�� life, both within and without.�� And oxygenation, etc., and outer, by regular� ��

�� �skin-baths, hipbaths, sun and air-baths, etc.,

�� ��and hygienic living conditions in sanitary

�� surroundings.

5.� Injuring others by thoughts, words and�� Non-injury by thoughts words and deeds

�� deeds (himsa).�� (ahimsa).

6.� Practicing falsehood, deceit and covetousness.�� Cultivating truth, sincerity and charity.

7.� Impatience, avarice and selfishness.�� Patience, contentment and selfless service.

8.� Self-assertion and egocentricity.�� Humility and self-surrender.

(iii) One who is established inasteya, is a true friend of nature, and nature lays bare unto him all her riches.

(iv) One who practices brahmcharya comes to acquire absolute power.

(v) One who practices aprigreha, solves the enigma of life, and to him the past, the present, and the future appear like an open book.

The five observances are:� Shaucha (purity of body and mind), Santosh (contentment), Tapas (austerity),Svadhyaya vara Pranidhana (thoughts attuned with, and absolute dependence on, God).

(a) Shaucha brings in brings in cleanliness and dislike for Sparsha (contact with another�s body).

(b) Santosh �makes one contented and thus mentally rich.

(c) Tapas rids one of all impurities and confers supernatural powers (e.g., to atomize oneself, to lose all weight, to become all speed, to gain instantaneous access to any place, to have all wishes fulfilled, to become all-pervasive, to acquire divine powers, to control all beings and elements in nature, etc.) All these come of themselves by contemplating and concentrating on the opposite of what one actually desires.

(d) adhyaya personifies the deity worshipped.

(e) Ishvara Pranidhana brings in satiety and desirelessness.

In the Upanishads, however, each of these lists consists of ten abstinences and observances.� Thus aprigreha in the first category has given place to kindness, rectitude, forgiveness, endurance, temperance and purity.� Similarly, in the second list, shaucha has been replaced by faith, charity, modesty, intelligence, japa and fasts.� However, the end in either case is sadachar or righteous living, which prepares the way for inner spiritual development.� The list of the virtues to be inculcated and the vices to be discarded may vary from teacher to teacher but the purpose is ever the same.� Thus, Manu explains the principles of sadachar or dharma in terms of his own categories.

The practice of both yamas and niyamas�restraints and observances�make up sadachar or right conduct, which constitutes the bedrock of all the religions of the world.� Manu gives us the essence of charma as ashimsa, satya, steyam, shaucham, indriya nigreha (harnmlessness, truthfulness, purity, right living and control of senses).

According to Sandalya Rishi, the list comprises:

(a) Shaucha (external bodily purity along with that of place and direction, and internal purity of thoughts, feelings and emotions).

(b) Daya (mercy and compassion for all living creatures in all circumstances).

(d) Dhriti (fortitude and endurance in all circumstances).

(e) Mit-ahara (disciplined life of temperance generally, and in foods and drinks in particulars).

In the Bhagavad Gita too, Lord Krishna lays great stress on the practice of yamas and niyamas.

The compassionate Buddha also prescribed for his followers the noble Eight-fold Path of Righteousness, comprising right views (knowledge), right aspirations (determination), right speech, right conduct (behavior), right livelihood, right effort (suitable striving), right mindfulness (thinking and perception), and right contemplation (absorption) and above all he laid great stress on right association or company of the holy, �Truth-winners and arousers of faith� who, through a process of osmosis (infiltration) instill faith and devotion in the minds of the aspirants.��

Bikkhu Buddharakkita, while describing the Majjhima Patipada, the Middle Path, or the Golden Mean between the two extremes of self-indulgence and self-mortification, to modern readers, gives us the Buddhistic course of development and discipline through bhava, viz.:

Shila Bhavna : Ethical purity.
Chita Bhavna:� Mental purity.
Pragna Bhavna: Intuitional insight.

�

The same author emphasizes the need of developing shila or moral purification as the basis of everything else, whether in mundance life or in spiritual advancement.� Buddha declared that five benefits accrue to the truly virtuous: good fortune through diligence, fair name abroad, respect in all congregations, clear conscience till the end, and rebirth with a happy destiny.

The basic minimum for the Buddhist layman is the five precepts, or Panch Shila, that go to make right conduct or behavior, one of the important steps in the eight-fold path as described above.� These are: abstinence from killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying, and from drinking intoxicating liquor, and alongside thereof, the observance of positive virtues: maitri (friendliness to all), daan (charity), brahmcharya �(chastity), adherence to truth, and temperance.� In the Panch Shila of Buddha, we find an exact parallel to the yamas and niyamas as prescribed by the ancients.

The shila, or the process of purification, rests on the two fundamentals: hiri, conscience, and ottappa, shame; for one rejects evil out of self-respect and scruple on the one hand, and observes respect for another, while the other fears blame or censure.� The result is that one develops modesty along with rectitude and propriety.� What is true of Buddhism is true also of Jain thought, which enjoins the five great vows of non-violence, non-stealing, non-covetousness, truthfulness and chastity.

This two-fold stress on yamas and niyamas is not just an idiosyncracy of ancient Indian thought.� It is to be observed among all people whenever religious experience is actively sought.� Thus when we examine the development of Jewish and Christian thought, we come across the same phenomenon.� Moses laid down the ten commandments which pointed out the weaknesses to be avoided, namely, worship of gods and deities, engraving images to represent God, vain repetition of God�s names, polluting the Sabbath, dishonoring one�s parents, commission of heinous crimes like killing, adultery and stealing, and lastly, social evils like bearing false witness and coveting a neighbor�s house, wife or his belongings (Exodus 20: 4-17).� It was left to Jesus to complete the picture when he emphasized the virtues to be developed, in his ten beatitudes: simplicity of spirit, mourning, meekness, hunger and thirst after righteousness, mercy, purity of heart, peace-making, suffering persecution for the sake of righteousness and calmly bearing all manner of reviling and slander (Matthew 5:1-11).� It was not without justice that he claimed, �I have come not to destroy the law but to fulfill the law.�� The teachings of Islam lay stress on shariat (moral injunction), tauba (repentance), faqr (renunciation), tazkiya-I-nafs (subjugation of the senses), tawakal (trust in God), tawhid (unity) and zikr (spiritual discipline), while the Sikh Gurus (prescribing cultivation of essential virtues like chastity, patience, understanding, knowledge, fear of God, austerity, love and compassion), coming much later, reveal a similar pattern.� Guru Nanak, in a nutshell, placed true living above everything else:

Truth is higher than everything,

But higher still is true living.

- SRI RAG

Why this should be so is not difficult to understand.� To be able to progress spiritually, peace and harmony of mind is an absolute necessity.� So long as one is the slave os this desire or that, such harmony is impossible.� Therefore, one must root out all desires that lead the self away from this harmony.� But nature abhors a vacuum; and what is true of physical phenomena is also true of the psychological.� The only way to clear the mind of its negative and disintegrating impulses is to replace them by postive and integrating ones.� However, while cultivating sadachar, the seeker after truth must remember that it is only a means, not an end, and knowing this, go beyond it to his spiritual goal.� Swami Vivekananda, who has analyzed the process with great lucidity in The Secret of Work, puts the matter thus:

You must remember that the freedom of the soul is the goal of al yogas� A golden chain is an much a chain as an iron one.� There is a thorn in my finger, and I use another to take the first out; and when I have taken it out, I throw both of them aside� so the bad tendencies are to be counteracted by the good ones, and the bad impressions on the mind should be removed by fresh waves of good ones, until all that is evil disappears, or is subdued.� Thus the� �attached� becomes the �unattached.�

III - ASANAS

The term asana denotes the seat and the pose, position or posture, in the performance of yogic discipline.� It is another external aid in yogic practice.� The asana should be steady, firm, pleasant and comfortable, so as to keep the body quiescent but alert during the yogic discipline.

In the Svetasvetara Upanishad II : 8 it is said:

��

Keep the upper parts:� the chest, the neck, and the head, erect, and subdue within the heart, the senses together with the mind.� The wise with the raft of Brahman cross over all the powerful torrents of the world.

Similarly, in the Bhagavad Gita VI: 11-14 the procedure is laid down as follows:

On a pure spot, he shall set for himself a seat, neither over-high nor over-low, an having over it� a cloth, a deer�s skin, and kusha grass.

On this couch, he shall seat himself with thought intent and workings of mind and sense Instruments restrained, and shall for purification of spirit labor on the Rule.

Firmly, holding the body, head and neck in unmoving equipoise, gazing on the end of his nose and looking not round about him,

Calm of spirit, void of fear, abiding under the vow of chastity, with mind restrained and thought Set on me, so shall he sit, who is under the Rule and given over to me.

The term asana literally means easy and comfortable.� Patanjali enjoined a posture both simple and pleasant (Yoga Darshana II:46).� That posture is the best which may enable a student of yoga to remain motionless for a long time�two to three hours at a stretch�with an effortless ease, the object being to eliminate bodily reactions and to dissolve the mind into contemplation.� Steadiness in asana gives steadiness to the body, and in its turn, to the mind.� Theoretically speaking, tradition tells us that there are as many asanas as there are species in the world and as such they run into 8,400,000, but out of these only 84 are important and four are generally accepted as basic and of great value:

(i) Sukh Asana:� It means easy and comfortable, as it is pleasant to practice.� It consists in simply sitting cross-legged, by tucking the left foot under the thigh of the right leg and with open hands resting on the knees, making a circle with the tips of the thumb and the forefinger.

(ii) Sidh Asana:� This term connotes a disciplined pose, or pose of perfection or attainment.� It consists in sitting cross-legged and, in addition to the above, to place the right foot on the left foreleg with heels resting against the public bones, without exerting any pressure on the genitals, and palms resting one above the other.� It is very useful for attaining siddhis or yogic powers and hence the name sidh asana. It purifies veins and arteries by supplying fresh blood.� It strengthens the heart and lungs, makes breathing deep and slow, regulates the digestive systems, and cures diseases like colds, fevers and heart disorders.

(iii) Padam Asana:� It is a lotus-pose as the name itself implies.� In this position, the feet form the petals of a lotus as they cross one over the other.� It is rather a difficult pose for persons with stiff joints, but it is very essential for the practice of Hatha Yoga.� It is also known as Anand Asana for it gives a foretaste of peace and bliss and inclines one to contemplation.� It cures the man who practices it of all diseases and ailments, and frees the system from disorders of poisoning and toxins.� It rids a person of laziness and languor and mental weakness.

(iv) Swastika Asana �(the lucky or auspicious pose):� It has all the virtues of its name.� For purpose of spiritual advancement, Sukha or Sidha Asana is admirably suited.

Besides these, some of the well-known asanas are:� Gaoo asana (the cow pose), Simha asana (the lion pose), Vajra asana (the thunderbolt pose), Hal asana (the plough Posture), Sheersh asana (the head-stand pose), Sarvang asana (the shoulder-stand pose), Dhanur asana (the bow pose), Shava asana (the corpse pose), Markat asana (the monkey pose), Mayur asana (the peacock pose), Kukata asana (the cock pose), Garud asana (the eagle posture), Ushtr asana (the camel pose), Vatyan asana (the horse pose), Bhujang asana(the cobra pose), Salabh asana (the locust pose), Padahast asana, Trikon asana and Virksh asana (the tree pose), etc.� This shows the catholicity of the human mind to learn things even from animals and other objects.

Asana as a form of yoga

Some consider asanas as constituting a yoga by themselves and have given them the name of asana yoga.� But it is not to be used simply for the display of physical feats and skill as some gymnasts do, or as a means of earning a livelihood.� It is yoga in the sense that without a disciplined asana, one cannot watch, weed out, and eliminate the vritis or the mental currents that keep rising in the mind-stuff or the unfathomable lake of the mind (chit).� The yoga system is generally divided into two parts: Pran-kala or the Path of the Pranas and Chitkala or the Path of the Chit.� While Hatha Yoga deals with the Pran-kala, Raja Yoga is concerned with Chit-kala.� Asanas form an integral part in both these yogic systems and in fact, are an essential sadhna in every form of yoga whatever it be.� Asanas have, on accound of their importance, been categorized as a yoga system per se, just as Dharna and Dhyan, because of their important role in the practice of yoga, have often been described as Dharna Yoga and Dhyan Yoga.� The body has of necessity to be set in one posture or position for a considerable time�i.e., three hours�because by continual shifting of posture, one cannot successfully engage in the yogic practice, for with every change of posture the vritis are set in motion and the mind never grows steady and still.� Hence the need for a firm and steady pose, but one characterized by ease and comfort, so that the practicer may not feel fatigued and tired during the time he sits for chit-vriti-nirodha (elimination of the mental modulations).

Advantages of asanas

Besides being an aid in controlling the mind, the steady asana confers many advantages and these may be classified as follows:

1.� Physical advantages:

(a) The muscular and arterial systems get into proper order.

(b) The entire body is charged with health, strength and radiant vitality.

(d) The pranas, or the vital airs in the body, begin to function with a regular and rhythmic motion.

(e) Fearlessness, fortitude and will power come of themselves.

(f) One gains control over the body and never feels tired, depressed and downcast.

(g) As one feels inner joy and buoyancy of spirits, his face manifests a healthy radiance.

2.� Mental advantages:

(a) Mind gets steady and well-directed, and one acquires the habit of working with fixed attention.

(b) Mental freshness.

(d) It develops imagination and helps in focusing one�s attention or dhyan.

(e) It brings in the habit of deep and concentrated thinking on the otherwise abstruse spiritual problems.

3.� Spiritual advantages:

(a) One, through the recession of physical consciousness due to bodily, gradually rises above the pairs the pairs of opposites or state of duality, i.e., hunger and thirst, heat and cold, attachment and detachment, etc.

(b) One easily crosses over the state of tamogun (inertia) and rajogun (restlessness) and acquires that�� of satogun (peace and equipoise)

Some precautions and generally recommended to secure the sadhak from possible it effects or obstacles.� He should practice the asanas in solitude so that they never become for him a means of exhibiting his virtuosity to the applauding public.� It is also advisable that he should avoid proximity to fire, the company of women, undesirable friends, or anything similar that may carry a risk to his body or his mental� equilibrium.� He must also eschew over-indulgence in food and drink as well as fasting, for the one burdens the body and distracts one�s energies, while the other undermines one�s vitality.� Hence it was that Buddha taught his disciples the middle path, for as he said in his first sermon:

Sensuality is enervating; the self-indulgent man is a slave to his passions, and pleasure-seeking is�� degrading and vulgar.

And�

By suffering, the emaciated devotee produces confusion and sickly thoughts in his mind.� Mortification is not conducive even to worldly knowledge, how much less to a triumph over the senses.

The rule of the golden mean, which applied to everything, applies also to exercise.� The understanding sadhakj will neither dissipate his energies in over-strenuous exercise like weightlifting, racing, high or long jumps, nor will he deaden them through lethargy.� In short, temperance and simplicity must be the watchwords of his life.� Those who specialize in Hatha Yoga or Prans Yoga even go on lay down the following condition for their day-to-day living:

(a) A place of solitude on a moderate level.

(b) A thatched cottage, preferably square in form, in the midst of natural scenery and verdure.

(d) The seat should be covered with palm leaves or dry grass, woolen cover, or a deer-skin.

(e) The site should be so selected as to have a uniformly temperate and even climate all the year round.

All these things should be taken into consideration if one were to choose even a cave (mountain or underground) for spiritual sadhna.

(f) One must exercise scrupulous moderation in his diet and drinks, preferably one helping of porridge in a day.

(g) No outsider should be permitted to haunt the sanctuary.

Gheranda Samhita, a well-know treatise on yoga, gives a detailed account of asanas and the practices allied thereto, viz., mudras and bandhas. While the mudras are locked postures, the bandhas are fixed postures.� The former being psychophysical in nature are generally termed as �gestures,� and the latter being purely physical in nature are but �muscular contractions� and are used as catches for holding the pranas at particulars places.

While there is quite a large number of mudras, the bandhas are just a few.� The well-known mudras or gestures are (1) the Maha Mudra (the great gesture), (2) Maha Bandha,(3) Maha Vetham (4) Urgyan (Udhlyam), (5) Khechari (moving in the void), (6) Vajroli,(7) Jaladhar, (8) Mulvant, (9) Viprit Karna (sauwang), (10) Shakti shalana,or Prithvi, Ambhavi, Vaishwanari, Vayavi, and Skashi corresponding respectively to the five elements: earth, water, fire, air and ether.� In addition to these there are still others like the Nabho Mudra, the Yoni, the Manduki,the Kaki, the Matangi, the Bhujangini, the Asvini, etc. Others not enumerated are taken to be modifications of these.

We may make a passing reference to some of them:

(i) Asvini Mudra: �As the name indicates, it consists in expansion outward and contraction inward of the muscles of the rectum alternately by deep inhalation and exhalation as the asvini or mare does after discharging the faeces.� It helps in cleansing the intestines, colon and walls, and in expelling the poisonous gases.

(ii) Vajroli Mudra:� It consists in internal cleanliness of the genitalia by irrigating the general passages in the first instance by oxygenation or air-bath by means of a catheter and then by irrigating them with water mixed with a mild antiseptic.� It is performed by nauli process, or with the aid of a sprayer or a douche.� In its highest technique, one has to withhold the ejaculation of the sex secretions and to re-absorb them into the system.

(iii)Khechari Mudra (movement in the void):� It consists in retroverting the tongue and pressing it deep into the throat.� The practicer gets his tongue split in the form of a fork, as the serpents have.� These forked tongues are then washed with a mixed lotion of milk, clarified butter and ashes; and then with the pranic exercise be closes or plugs the two holes of the posterior nostrils by each end of the two-forked tongue and remains absorbed in this condition for days on end and, like a serpent or a tortoise, he may continue in an unconscious state to such an extent that he cannot of himself regain consciousness without the outer aid of others.� The whole process is a very complicated one and cannot be practiced by a layman with impunity without the aid of a perfect yogin.� As the name indicates, the mind remains absorbed in the khe or void, as does the tongue in the void of the pharynx.

But this type of samadhi is not a real samadhi with an awakening in cosmic order and a super conscious state, but is a kind of trance in which one altogether loses consciousness itself.� This is not the object of true yoga, which aims at Chaitanya Samadhi as distinguished from Jar Samadhi.� A Hatha Yogin through the practice of this midra can, while drawing his pranas into Sahasrar, shut himself in abox, which may be buried underground for months.� This kind of Jar Samadhi does not bring in any supersensuoys knowledge, wisdom and awareness such as characterizes the fully awakened or Chaitanya Samadhi, which is achieved when the power of consciousness gets established in its own true nature, and which can be terminated at will.� That is Kaivalya or a state of perfect unison with cosmic and super-cosmic life as contradistinguished from a stone-like, inert state.

For developing concentration, one may practice the following:

i. Agochari Mudra (the imperceptible gesture): Herein one is to sit his asana with concentration fixed on the nose tip.

ii. Bhochari Mudra (the gesture of the void):� Herein the attention is to be fixed on the void, a space four fingers down from the nose-tip up to which the breath flows.

iii. Chachari Mudra: It is called the gesture of the black bee, for in it the mind is to be fixed at the black spot behind the eyes.

While engaged in breath control or Pranayama, one may practise Unmani Mudra or Kavala Kumbhak.� The later is a state of dazed intoxication and the other is of peaceful repose.

Again, in the performance of some of the asanas, one has to practice certain muscular contractions or ties, with a view to controlling the vital energy.� These contractions or ties are technically called bandhas.� They are particularly necessary while engaged in pranayama.� The most important of these are:

(a) Mula Bandha (contraction of the basal plexus):� By it the Apana Vayu, or the excretory energy, is locked up and drawn in and upwards to the region of the prana and thus effects, or brings about, a union of the prana with apana, the respiratory with the exc retory energies.� It is done by pressing the rectum with the heel and a strong inward pull of the breath.

(b) Jalandhara Bandha:� contraction of the neck plexus where all the arteries meet.� It is performed by pressing the chin against the hallow of the collar bones in the chest.� It prevents the nectar coming down from Sahasrar from being consumed in the fire within the navel region.

(c) Uddiyana Bandha:� It consists in contracting the navel muscles so as to give support to the lungs and stomach, during inhalation and exhalation.� It also causes the life-breath to flow throught the subtle nerve, and hence it also goes by the name of flying contraction.

Perfection in asanas (Asana Siddhi)

There are three signs of perfection in Asana Siddhi:

1) During the time of asana, the body should be in a state of perfect repose and relaxation, with no movement in any part thereof.

2) Again, one should rise above body-consciousness, and have no knowledge even of sensory and motor currents, which are to be left to themselves with no thought about them.

3) Last, but not the least, one should feel and actually enjoy happiness and bliss within him.

One can acquire Asana Siddhi or discipline in a year by practicing it regularly for one to six hours every day.

However, before proceeding further in our survey of Patanjali�s Ashtang Yoga, we must remind ourselves that a mastery of the asanas and temperance in living are to be looked upon as a means and not as the end.� The sadhak must not forget that physical culture is a preparation.� Just as he used ethics with its yamas and niyamas to purify his mind for the inner journey, so too he must discipline his body and daily living, and then work toward his ultimate goal: at-one-ment with Brahman.� This point needs emphasizing because human nature is such that in pursuing an arduous course, it often forgets the final end, setting up the means as the goal.� Many a yogin takes to the development of physical culture as though that were the be-all and end-all of yoga.� In such cases, success in practice of asanas and in moderation of needs, instead of preparing the way for further progress, brings with it a sense of pride and vanity resulting in complacency and spiritual inertia.� The discriminating sadhak will learn the basic essentials from this branch of yoga�the secret of health and the best posture for mediation�but he will not attempt to specialize in it or to master all its refinements, for he will know that to get absorbed in the means is to forget the end.

Food

�As is the food, so is the mind,� is an ancient saying, and in it lies an incontrovertible truth, for it is food that goes to make the body and the brain.

Satvic food plays an important part in the perfection of the body as envisaged by Hatha Yoga, and helps in carrying on any sadhna or yogic discipline without fatigue, languor, lastitude or drowsiness.� The chart on the opposite page lists some of the foods which help or retard the yogic sadhna.

In brief, fresh and green vegetables, leafy vegetables, fruits and nuts, milk, butter and ghee constitute an ideal diet for any man.� Three meals a day are considered more than sufficient.� We may note that foods that are stale, highly seasoned, half-cooked or over-cooked, and fruits that are over-ripe or under-ripe or lying cut; also sweets and sweetmeats, are to be avoided.� Likewise, aerated drinks, stimulants like tea and coffee, and intoxicants of all description are not to be brought into use.

Pranayam as a form of yoga

(The prana yoga)

The importance of pranayam as an integral part of Hatha Yoga and Raja is so great, that some have come to regard it as an independent form of yoga in itself and have given it the name of prana Yoga.

As explained already, the Ida and pingala nadis starting from svadhistan charka, the center of life- breath, run spirally round the central nadi, Sukhmana, and end in the left and right nostril respectively. Ida is influenced by the moon, while pingala is influenced by the moon, while pingala is influenced by the sun. Ida has in abundance the moisture of the moon and represents the female principle, while Pingala has the energy of the sun and represents the male principle in Nature. Both of these nadis the negative and the positive, work under the action of prakriti and purush, i.e., matter and soul combined.

When the pingala Nadi, which is influence by the energy of the sun, is active motion, the food taken is easily and quickly digested. When the Ida Nadi starts, it bring in strength and vitality to the system and helps in the development of the and bodily muscles, etc. It is under the active influence of body these heavenly bodies, as operating through these nadis, that further growth takes place both in Nature and in the human species, both� female and male. The moisture of the moon helps the production of raj in women , and the life �giving energy of the sun that of� viraj or semen in men.

During the daytime, the solar nadi (pingala) operates for most of time, and hence the food should be taken while the live energy of the sun is in active motion so it will get easily dissolved in the system and thus become the source of strength. Food taken at night after the setting of the sun is likely to increase body bulk and fats and to create digestive disorders, which may lead to disturbance in the equilibrium of the elemental constituents in the body , like Kaf (phlegm), Safra (heat ) and sauda (gaseous� vibrations), etc.

Pranic discipline

This discipline, in brief, consists in setting up:

(a) some center within the body , say at the plexus of the heart of the region of the vital airs, where the mano �mai center� �atman dwells.

(b) Some center outside the body.

(c) One has to work at both the centers within and with- out and to do pranayam in between the two centers. Out and to do pranayam in between the two centers.

(d) The practice of tratak or the discipline of the vision (sight), by gradually bringing the attention from with out to within, and keeping it fixed on one of these inner centers for some time.

In setting up centers outside the body one has to sit in solitude and make a yellow spot on a white are, which is to be placed on the table or hung on the wall on a level with the eyes. Tratak or the fixing of the gaze is then done on that spot while the pingala nadi is in action. The attention is also to be fixed on and gradually absorbed within the Anahat Sound. After practicing this for afew days, the outer spot is to be changed to blue, to red, to bluish white, and lastly into a brilliantly white color, after some days of practice (spot �gazing) is to have a clear vision of the elemental colors which are representative of the colors of earth, water, fire air and ether, respectively. For quicker resuts, this is to be done for at least two or three hours every day. It improves eyesight and serves as a great aid in influencing others.

Again, one has to take care of the distance between the spot and the organ of sight. To begin with , the spot is to be located at a distance of about two feet; after practicing for a few days, the distance of about two feet; after practicing for a few days, the distanceis to be reduced to one and three- fourths feet, to one foot and then to half a foot. When this tratak develops ino a kind of exhilarating absorption, it may be brought still nearer to the tip of the nose .Then begins the root of the nose between the two eyebrows. The importance of this practice is that the scattered vritis are to be controlled from wandering without, collected at the still- point in the body or the seat of the mind, and inverted within to bring about, of itself, rhythm in the pranas, and both the viritis and the pranas simultaneously get aadjusted of themselves By the process of tratak, the mind and the pranas become harmonized, and the soul escapes through the mano-mai and pran � mai koshas, or the covering sheaths.

Advantages of Prana Yoga

The practice of prana Yoga helps in developing all the sense faculties, viz., perception, audition, olfaction, touch and taste. A yogin can, by his thought- attract to his aid from the atmosphere all the powers that he may like, by relating them to his thought. In bitter cold winter, a sadhak may sit in sidh asana with his chin fixed on his chest, think of the sun, and start the practice with pingala or the solar nadi. Heat would generate of itself and cover him with perspiration. In the same way one can, in themed- summer heat, have the experience of cold. All this depends on thought � force, provided one knows how to fix his attention at the seat of the soul. This is the height of prana Yoga. One can develop all these powers by bringing the mind and the pranas to one common level. Thought- force spring from the mind, and prana Yoga consists in bringing the prana into unison with the mind at the level of the soul , or the divine plane.

V.�� PRATAHARA OR SENSE CONTROL

�� (WITHDRAWAL AND ABSTRACTION)

This means withdrawal of the senses from the sense- objects. This mind is rendered pure by practice of yamas, niyamas and pranayama, pure by the practice of yamas, niyams and pranayama, while pratahara gives supreme mastery over the senses. The control of the senses, therefore, is the primal factor in the yogic science. Unless the sense steeds are controlled and checked in their mad career in the fields of enjoyment and pleasure, the mind cannot possibly be stilled .The senses have, therefore, to be withdrawn from the sensorv plane ences. Visual perception and audition are the two main inlets from which we derive no less than 88 to 95 per cent of our impressions, and the remaining five per cent or so come from the other senses. Thus, it is of paramount importance to close down the sluice � gates of the eyes and ears to prevent the outer floodwaters from entering and inundating the lake of the mind. To shut the mind resolutely against the onslaughts of the senses, it is necessary for the student of Yoga to retrie for it is a matter of common experience that muddy water be-come clear of itself clear of itself if it is allowed to stand for some time.

One can practice pratyahara (control of senses as a preliminary to attaining a state of reverie or sensory with drawal) through discrimination and discernment. With the unhealthy and unworthy discrimination and discernment. With the knowledge of the true values of life, we come to disregard the knowledge of the true values of life, we come to disregard the unhealthy and unworthy food in which otherwise the senses indule, and thereby come to control the mindstuff. It is tantamount to dislocating the sense traffic in the world by dynamiting the fields of illusory pleasures with the power of discrimination.� Pratahara is very essential for achieving success in Yoga. With the senses inverted a yogin can work for the consciousness within him. By it's practice, the mind becomes purified, grows strong in self � reliance, and enabled to lead a strictly austere life.

In the Bhagavad-Gita, we have:

Let him hold all these (senses) in constraint and concentrate upon me; for he who has his sense in struments

�under his sway has wisdom abidingly set.

�The above five factors � yamas, niyamas, asanas pranayam and pratahara- constitute a preparation for progress in and pratyahara- constitute a preparation for progress in yoga. They are but accessories to, and not the main elements of, the yogic system. They help in purifying the body, the pranas, the mind and the indrivas.� Three in number, viz, dhara, dhyan and samadhi, which constitute Antarang Sadhna or inner discipline.

�

VI.� DHARNA OR SAMYAM

(ABSORPTION OR CONCENTRATION)

Having controlled the pranas through pranayam, and the senses through pratyahara, the student of yoga has to fix his mind on something. It may be fixed on something without, like an idol or picture, or any idea or any other kind of representation; or it may be fixed on something within, on any of the bodily centers in the pind, or on any idea or on any of the astral centers in the und. Dharna, then, consists in fixing the mind on a particular place, object, ider or center, as one may find convenient. Any type of dharna helps in making the mind steady and is beneficial in it's own way.

(i) Dharna on any the sense perceptions provides steadiness to mind by collecting the wandering provides steadiness to the mind by collecting the wandering wits at the focal point.

(a) On the tip of the nose, it gives an experience of divya gandh or divine fragrance. It is called varta siddhi.

(b) On the tip of tongue, it gives the experience of the taste of divya essence or divine- stuff; manna and nectar. The divine knowledge of taste is known as asvadan.

(c) On the middle of the tongue, it gives the experience of the divya touch or proximity of the sublime presence. The divine knowledge of touch is known as vidana

(d) On the root of the tongue, it gives the experience of divya sounds or holy harmony. It is. Called sravana.�

(e) On the palate or roof over the tongue, it gives the experience of the divya colors or elemental brilliance. This divine knowledge of sight is called adarsha.

(ii) Dharna on the luminous mental state at the seat of the mind: It is practiced first by inhaling and�� then exhaling the breath, together with the thought of turning into an up ward position the eight- petaled lotus below the heart, lying at present face downwards, and then fixing the attention on the effulgent light in lotus through which passes the Sushmana or the Brahm Nadi.

(iii) Dharna on Master- souls like Buddha, Christ or preferably still, a living Master, who are freed from all desires also frees one from all desires, mental attachments and the bondage of mind and matter.

(iv) Dharna or samyam on external objects: Dharna on external objects: Dharna on heavenly bodies like the sun, the moon, the planets, etc., gives supersentient experience, e.g.:

(a) On the sun it gives the knowledge of the Brahmand consisting of fourteen bhavans or regions; seven upper or higher worlds or lokas (bhur, bhuva, swah, maha, janah , tapah and satyam ) , and seven lower or nether lokas (sutala, vitala talatala, mahatala, rasatala, atala and patala).

(b) On the moon , it gives the knowledge of the stars.

(d) On the elephant or hanuman, it gives strength and valor.

(e) On the form of the body, it causes disappearance of the body itself, it causes disappearance of the body itself, as the power of Comprehension is checked and the connection between the light and the eyes is severed.

(v) Samyam on internal centers, the self, and indriyas: Dharna or samyam may be practice on anything like virtues, internal centers , charkas and nadis, as for example:

(a) On the nabhi or navel (manipura chakra),it gives the knowledge of the construction of the body.

(b) On the pit of the throat (vishudhi chakra), it gives freedom from hunger and thirst.

The method of the last is by concentrating on Brahmarendra or the whole of Brahma, which is an aperture within the mundhu or head through which divine light flows downwards. Nirgun up asakas carry on their abstract meditation on this center, which is also known as Sahasrar.

(d) On the anhat chakra at the heart, it gives the knowledge of the mind.

(e) On kurma nadi (the astral tube in the chest, below the throat, and through which kurma or the sub-prana works the eyelids), it gives steadiness to the body.

(f) On the inner light of the heart, it gives the knowledge of the subtle (clairvoyance), the obscure (buried treasures), the remote (far and wide).

(vi) One may do samyam on one�s own self. It gives clairhighertouch, higher taste and higher smell, etc., all through intuition or pratibha, without any of the other specialized samyams

By samyam on one�s own essential Nature (the cognitive powers), one gets the power of pure cognition without without the outeraids of the senses and the sense- organs. With the indriyas lying dormant in their respective centers. One enjoys ineffable bliss� (anand) in a state called Sanand Samadhi.

(vii) By samyam or dharna on certain features of the body, such as the complexion, the voice, or any other thing, one beging to understand� the state and the Nature of the minds of others.

(viii) By samyam:

(a) On mind (or mental thoughts), one knows the contents of the mind.

(b) On time, one gets knowledge of everything.

(c) On air and ether or on the relation between the two, one is endowed with the divine hearing (Shabd), and can hear any subtle sound from any distance simply by his will. Similarly,� by contacting the distantana � bhutas (vayu teas and prithvi, ect.),� one can develop powers of other organs to their full-ect capacity.

(d) On the relation between ether and body , or on the lightness of cotton, comes the power of flying through ether or air , for the body becomes extremely light, and one can move anywhere in space like a bird and even ride on the rays of the sun. A yogin having siddhi in Kechari Mudra can also fly in the air. (One who knows Sammohan vidya or India Jala can also move through space, but this is jala� or trick only, and if you were to photograph� him , you will not get photo of such a man fling through the air.)

(e) On the three modifications of mind , comes the knowledge of the past�� and future.

(f) On videha, one can pass out of the body at will and function without the body , feel the all �pervading Nature in full omnipresence and can perform kaya parvesh ,i.e., can enter into the body of any other human being and operate through his body and mind.

(g) On samakaras (impressiopn of mind), comes the knowledge of previous births.

(ix) By mastery over:

(a) Udana vayu, one ceases to have any contact with water, mud or thorns , and can end his existence at will for through udana, one can travel through space.

(b) Samana vayu, come effulgence and one can create fire and flashes of light from one�s body.

(x) By samyam on vitues:

(a) On friendliness and other virtues, comes the power to transmit the same to others.

(b) On discrimination (on the distinctive relation between satva or purity and purusha or the soul ), comes the power of omnipotence and omniscience.

(d) On the karmas, one gets the knowledge of the time of his death.

When the mind becomes extremely pure and is filled with satva through and through to it's very roots, spontaneous illumination dawns. The mind has five states:

(a) Kshipta , or the wandering mind, with mind stuff in a state of continued dispersion.

(b) Mudha, or the mind that is dull and forgetful and knows net to nothing. In it, the mind is in a state of confusion and stupidity.

(c) Vikshipta, or the minds that collect and gathers in momentarily and than fritter away. It is a state of imperfect stability.

(d) Ekagrata, or the mind gifted with one- pointed attention and fixity of purpose.

(e) Nirodha, or the mind that is disciplined, controlled and well � restrained.

No yoga is possible in the first three states. It is possible only in the fourth and fifth states.

In addition to the above , there are eight kind of siddhis , or powers, which siddhas or the superior beings generally exercise:

(a) Anima � capacity� to�� penetrate into all things, even an anu or atom, so as to see into it's inner structure.

(b) Laghima � capacity to acquire lightness, so as to ride even on the rays of the sun. It is often made use of in levitation and translevitation, in spite of the laws of gravitation.

(d) Mahima � capacity to acquire extensive and all-pervading magnitude like space, and to see the working of universal order and far-off things like solar systems.

(e) Prapti � capacity to reach anywhere, even to the moon. It endows one with a sense of all pervasiveness.

(f) Prakmyam � Capacity to have all desires fulfilled.

(g) Vasitvam � Capacity to command and control all creatures and elemental forces, like the wind and the rain, etc.

(h) Ishitva � Capacity to play the creator, the preserver and the destroyer.

Besides these, there are many subsidiary attainments which one gets by the simple process of self-control and concentration, also samyams, e.g.:

(i) To understand the language of birds and beasts.

(ii) To know ones previous births and to have fore knowledge of death.

(iii) To read the inner most thoughts of others.

(iv) To know of secrets and subtle things from afar, like the plants and stars.

(v) To foretell future events.

(vi) To transport oneself to any place in the world.

(vii) To heal by touch.

(viii) To gain bodily perfections in rupa (form), ranga (complexion), bala (strength and fortitude), sanhanan (steadiness) and lavanya (physical charm), etc.

It is necessary here to give a word of caution regarding riddhis and siddhis, or the supernatural Power that one very often comes to acquire in the practice of yoga sadhna or yogic discipline. They are to be scrupulously avoided, as they are positive obstacles in the way of true spiritual progress and the attainment of self-realization and God-realization, which are the aim and end of the yoga system. The devtas very often get jealous of the human soul traveling on the spiritual path. They come to greet with smiles the yogins who find an ingress into higher regions, invite them with sweet and cunning words, and try to bring about their downfall. Even the great yogin Vishvamitra was allured by the beauty of a celestial being, a maiden, sent by Indra to tempt him. He unwittingly fell into the snare and fell from the path. These temptations assail one in the second stage of the journey, but prove of no avail to one who adheres to the path, and is firm and steadfast in his sadhna.

Give up siddhis and destroy the seeds of bondage,

And attain Kevalya, the state of perfect ease and independence.

Again:

Be not allured by the winning smiles of the celestials, and avoid contact with all that is undesirable.

PATANJALI

Dharna as a form of Yoga (Mansik Yoga)

Fixity of attention is the essential primary element in the internal yoga sadhna, and it's importance cannot be overrated. �When the senses are stilled, the mind is at rest, and the intellect wavers not � that, say the wise, is the highest state.� (Katha Upanishads II: iii-10). It is because of the fact that it occupies a pivotal position in the system, that it is regarded by some as a form of yoga by itself, and they give it the name of Mansik or mental yoga (the yoga of self-absorption).

Most of the student of yamas and niyamas only, and as such hardly make any observance of yamas and niyamas only, and as such hardly make any headway on the path of yoga proper, which aims at self-realization and God-realization. Those who do go ahead a little, do not get further than yogic postures (asanas, mudras, and bandhas), and are preoccupied with body building processes and muscular development, making them the sole aim of all their endeavors. They confine themselves to the physical culture aspect of yoga, so as to defy disease, senility pranayam make it the be-all and the end-all of the yogic sadhna and, taking pleasure in contracting their pranas in the Brahmarendra, spend most of their time like a tortoise in their shell in yoga nidra, regarding inertness as the highest form of yoga and should only be practiced as such. The goal of yoga is self-realization by a regular process of self-analysis and withdrawal, so as to enable one to rise above body- consciousness into higher cosmic and super-cosmic consciousness.

True yoga is a natural process with no artifice in it. It should be readily intelligible and easy to practice. But for lack of proper teachers, well-versed in the theory and practice of yoga, it has become a burdensome thing and an intricate affair, too difficult to understand and still more difficult to practice. Today, life has grown too complex to allow any man the leisure and the opportunity to Master� all the branches of yoga (each of which has grown more specialized with the passage of time), and then to proceed to the final goal. The result is that aspirants begin to mistake this or that branch of yoga as the ultimate, and fritter away their energy in it's pursuit, content merely with the acquisition of physical or magical powers.

In actual experience, the mind in a state of sushupati (or deep slumber) does come to coincide in some measure with the lower blissful plane (anand) and the lower cognitive plane (vigyan), for on waking up, one carries with Him into consciousness the impression of the undisturbed and unalloyed bliss enjoyed in the deep sleep. But this is an involuntary experience in the pind or the sensory plane and not one consciously acquired at will. with a proper understanding and practice of the real sadhna, one can boldly lift the veil and have a dip in the front of bliss on a spiritual level, whenever he may like, and may remain internally in contact with the life-current itself, which is the very source of true bliss and happiness. Just as by pranayam, one can contact the pranas with the mind, so in the same way by pratyahara and dharna, one can contact the mind-plane with the plane of cognition in the higher spiritual centers above.

The term pratyahara means �restraint,� and hence it denotes restraining the mindstuff and the senses from flowing out into the world and running about in search of sense pleasure from sense objects. But this is hardly possible unless the senses and the mind are provided with something akin to, or more pleasing than, the worldly objects, which may serve as an anchor to keep the senses and mind fixed within. This is called dharma, which means �to accept� and �to be absorbed in the object of concentration. Pratyahara and dharna go together; for on the one hand the mind is to be weaned away from the worldly pleasures without, and on the other hand, is to be provided with something more attractive within.

The yogins, while sitting in some asana, first control the navel plexus and then drawing the pranas to the heart plexus, bring them to coincide with the mind-plane, after which, by various practices like tratak on some higher center, they try to invert the mind and make it recede. The first part is called pratyahara and the second, of recession and absorption in the higher center, is called dharna.

The mind, by sheer force of habit extending over ages upon ages, has acquired a tendency to run after pleasure. The pleasure of the world may be recognized into five classes as follows;

(a) Rup and rang, or beautiful forms, designs, and colors which may attract the eye.

(b) Shabd or melodies, tuneful and enchanting, as may capture the ear.

(d) Gandh or fragrant scents as may directly appeal to the olfactory sense.

(e) Sparsh or physical pleasing sensation as come from touch.

In walking state with the senses alert, one enjoys the physical aspects of the pleasure as enumerated above. In a dream state, which is more of less a reflex of the astral or subtle, one enjoys sound the most, for in that state it has a direct appeal to the mind. In the dreamless and deep sleep state, which is a reflex of the causal or seed state, one gets cognition of deep absorption.

One has, therefore, to draw himself within to the heart center by means of tratak on different elemental colors connected with ether, air, fire, water and earth, and they will grow in enchanting refulgence. By regular practices, the yogins acquire supernatural powers and capacities to taste all five pleasures mentioned above in their subtle form from a far distance. These powers come naturally with the coincidences of pranas with the mind.

The practice of pratyahara and dharna can be still further developed with the help of tratak, until one can move and recede inwards and upwards from the heart center to thyroid or throat center (kanth chakra) and thereby contact the cognitive plane. This movement from a lower center to a higher one results from the practice both of pratyahara, which enables one to leave the center below, and of dharna, whereby one takes hold of and gets absorbed in the next higher center. This process continues until one reaches aggya chakra, which is located behind and between the two eyebrows, the headquarters of the soul as it functions in the physical world in the waking state.

As the sensory current collect together and gather at this center, and one, forgetting about himself, rises above body �consciousness, there dawns in him by degrees, the inner spiritual light, which with great absorption or dharna grows into greater effulgence. With perfection in dharna or complete absorption at this stage, all the centers down to the mul or guda chakra at the rectum, become illumined.

In this connection, we may here refer to the physiology of the yoga system. The cerebro-spinal system in the mainstay of the body. The spinal column in yogic terminology is called Meru or Brahm Danda. According to the shiva samhita, there are in the human system as many as 350,000 nadis, and out of these, the following ten play an important part;

(i) Ida: Starting from the lowest plexus (guda chakra), on the right side of spinal column, it extends spirally around the sushmana and goes as far as the left nostril.

(ii) Pingala: Starting from the same chakra on the left side of the spinal column, it extends spirally as far as the right nostril.

(iii) Sushmana or Sukhmana: Is the central nadi in between the ida and pingalal nadis and runs through the spinal column from the guda chakra to the Great Aperture, know as Brahmarendra, behind and between the eyebrows.

(iv) Gandhari: Comes to the left eye, after rising from the rear of the central nadi.

(v) Hastijivaha: Comes to the right eye, after rising from the front of the central nadi.

(vi) Pushpa: Comes to the right ear from the central nadi.

(vii) Yashvini: Comes to the left ear from the central nadi.

(viii) Alambhush: Stretches to the root of the arms.

(ix) Kuhu or Shubha: It goes down to the tip of the generative organ.

(x) Shankhni: It goes down to the rectum.

The first three, the Ida, pingala and sushmana nadis, are the most important. The ida and pingala nadis, before entering into the base of the nostrils, cross each other and are know as gangliated cords.

The third one, the sushmana or sukhmana, or the central nadi, passes through the spinal column and runs through six plexuses or centers as follows:

(a) Muldhara (Basal Plexus) with a four-pataled louts, extending on four sides.

(b) Svadhishtana (Hypogastric Plexus) with a six-petaled lotus, extending on four sides plus one below and the other above.

(c) Manipuraka (Solar Plexus) with an eight-petaled lotus, having four additional sides in between the original four sides.

(d) Anahata (Cardiac Plexus) with a twelve-petaled lotus. It is a lotus of the unstruck sound as the name denotes.

(e) Vishuddha (Phryngeal Plexus) with a sixteen-petaled lotus, being an all-pervasive ethereal lotus.

(f) Aggya (Cavernous Plexus) with a sixteen-plated lotus, also called Ajna Chakra, meaning the center of command.

Besides the above plexuses, there is the Antahkaran (consisting of chit, manas, budhi and ahankar), with a lotus of four petals, thus making in all fifty-two petals, corresponding to the fifty-two letters of the alphabet in sanskrit, the mother of all languages. We have, however, to rise above all. Akshras to a state Beyond called Neh-akhshra� para, which is eternal and every-abiding and of which kabir says:

The three lokas and the fifty-two letters are one and all subject to decay.

But the eternal and the everlasting holy Word is quite distinct from them.

KABIR

Each of the two plexuses together make a granthi or a tie and these are: Brahma granthi, Vishnu Granthi an Shiva granthi.

The path of the yogins as described above is concerned with meditation at these six centers, beginning from the lowest and gradually rising form one to the next higher by means of praytyahara and dharna as already explained. In this process, one also calls to his aid the Kundalini Shakti, or the great serpentine power lying dormant in three and a half folds in the vagus nerve, in a coiled state like a serpent. This latent energy or power is awakened with the help of pranayam. A yogin tries to collect together all the vital airs in the body at the center of the naval plexus and in this process awakens the latent power as well. From the Ajna Chakra he takes hold of the anahat sound and reaches Sahasrar, the highest heaven of the yogins. It is quite a long, tedious, and difficult path. At each of the centers, one has to work hard for years before one can successfully subdue and pierce through it and ascend to the next higher center. One cannot take to this arduous discipline without a strong and robust physique, capable of withstanding a sustained a strenuous effort for a long time.

As a preliminary step, a yogin has to cleanse the Augean stables with Herculean strength and for this, recourse is to be had to hatha-yoga-kriyas, or exercise like dhoti, basti, neoli, gaj karam and vajroli, etc., with a strict diet control. Again, for the control of the mind, he has to take to pranayam or well �regulated breathing exercise such as puraka, kumbhaka, rechaka and sunyaka, all of which requires great care, attention and skill, under the guidance of an adept.

The yoga process, as described above, is fraught with innumerable difficulties. It is a process akin to that of controlled death, a forcible extraction not only of the spirit current from one center to the other, but of the pranas as well, which makes being the reversal of the life current as it descends from the center to center, in the process of creation. In the death process, the earth element rises up from guda chakra to the indri chakra and gets dissolved in the water there, thus rendering hands and feet lifeless. When the water elements rises up to the nabhi chakra, it is transformed into a vaporous state by the fire at the naval region and the generative organ gets paralyzed; next the fire element itself gets extinguished in the air elements at the heart plexus, rendering the region below the heart stark cold. When the air elements gets etherialized at the kanth, the seat of the ether, it renders the heart and the pulse motionless. ( it may be pointed out that under this system, one has to traverse and to follow through exactly the same process, except that the second method is natural, while the first method is deliberate and controlled and therefore extremely difficult to perform. Each of the tatvas in turn gets merged in it's source; the anna in the pranas, the pranas in the manas, the manas in the vigyan and the vigyan in the kanth plexus. (It may be mentioned that the Vaishnavites and kabir Panthies wear tulsi leaves and the Shaivites wear shiv-ling around the neck, to remind themselves of the kantha chakra which they set up as their goal.) Instead of this difficult reverse process of yoga form the basic plexus backward and upward to Sahasrar, the region of the thousand-petaled lights, how much easier it would be to ignore the pranas ( as we do in our everyday life), collect the sensory current at the seat of the soul at the ajna chakra, where we always are in our awakened state, and move upward straightaway with the help of the Sound Current (to which the yogins gain access after a hard-won battle over the six ganglionic centers in the pind or body) to reach sahasrar. The sound current has a magnetic pull, too difficult to resist, when the soul rises above � body� consciousness under the guidance of some able and fully competent living Master, capable of awakening the life-impulse within us.

VII. DHYAN (CONTEMPLATION OR MEDITATION )

From continued concentration, as envisaged by dharna, there grows a continuous flow of perception, which is called dhyan or contemplation (meditation). Dhyan or meditation is of two kinds: gross and subtle. It is well-nigh impossible to take to subtle meditation all at once. One has therefore to start with gross meditation in the first instance, before taking to the practice of subtle meditation. The gross or objective meditation consists in meditating on the personal aspect of God, Isht, a Godman or a Guru (the living Master-Saint).

In the subtle meditation, the attention is fixed on the bindu or the single eye, the still point in the body behind and between the two eyebrows. It is the intersecton of time and the timeless where the Unmanifest becomes manifest.� It's reflex is in the pind or the lower region of the body, i.e., the guda chakra, where lies the coiled energy in a locked up condition. After some practice at the bindu, the dark spot becomes illuminated and gradually the inner light assumes the radiant form of the Master. From the begins what is termed the luminous contemplation.

When in meditation, the Godman appears within,

One sees the secret of Eternity like an open book.

-RUMI

While in gross contemplation one meditates on the perceptible form (swarup) of the Isht-deva or of the Guru, in subtle contemplation one meditates on the aurp (formless), or the dark point of concentration between the eyebrows, which gradually flowers into radiance.

Here we may sound a note of warning to the seeker after Truth. we cannot have any appreciable results by meditation on the forms of the past Master who, having discharged their diving mission on earth of contacting jives or souls in their own time, are no longer in touch with the physical world. Again, we have to be our guard in our search for a perfect Master, for any meditation on the form of an imperfect Master will not bear fruit. To avoid all pitfalls, it is much safer to put aside meditation on any form whatsoever, whether of a past or a living Master. It is better that one should carry on the sadhna according to the instructions given, and if the Master is a perfect one, his radiant form will of itself appears within and take charge of the individual soul as soon as it rises above body- consciousness. God himself manifests within in the form of a Gurudeva provided of course that the Guru is really embedded in God-Power. These remarks apply mutates mutandis to meditation on Isht-devas as is generally done. To meditate on the Formless is Beyond human conception, inasmuch as one cannot conceive of the Reality Beyond all comprehension. One may in such a case get glimpses of subtle elements, which by themselves cannot leave us anywhere.

The reading of scriptures and other sacred books is not of much avail on this path except in arousing one�s interest. The greatest teacher of mankind is man. It is enough if one knows how to open the pages of the great living book of the human heart (�heart� here signifies the seat of the soul, i.e., aggya or ajna chakra), which is the only inexhaustible treasure-house of all knowledge and all wisdom. One has simply to close his eyes, withdraw the senses, enter into the sanctuary of his heart and merge his very being into the supreme soul in the inner most depths within. He, the ever-existent, the self-luminuous Light, complete in Himself, and eternally the same, dwells in the temple of the human body, and he who wishes to know Him and to reach Him shall have to delve deep within himself, and everything will undoubtedly be revealed to him. �Knock and it shall be opened,� is the saying of sages and seers in all times and in all climes. This dip within gives the soul an integral experience of all the exists, whether visible or invisible, a direct intuitive knowledge and divine wisdom, all of which are the gift that come of themselves, freely and in abundance, if one forgets the world, forgets his friends and relations, forget his surroundings, nay forgets his very bodily being. Voluntary forgetfulness is the greatest spiritual sadhna. Forgetting all else one must rise above body consciousness, for this is the primary condition of right meditation.

Love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind, and with all thy strength.

-CHRIST

By deep and silent meditation, one must merge his very being in the sweet contemplation of the beloved within and lose himself in the Great soul of the Universe. This is the highest contemplation, and it leads to the most coveted goal of samadhi.

Dhyan as a system of yoga

(the Yoga of Contemplation)

Having considered the essentials of dhyan, we are now in a position to study dhyan as a form of yoga in itself. The mind is all-pervading. Kabir says that manas has it's seat in very heart and hence occupies just a middle position in the human system. The mental current is always building it's own spheres, and it does so particularly as it depends below. This is central position of the mano-mai covering gives it a peculiar importance. It has two sheaths above it, the Vigyan-mai and Anand-mai, and two below it, the Pran-mai and Anna-mai. It� turns upward, it goes cognition of wisdom (enlightenment) and bliss. If it turns downward, cognition of the pranic and the physical world.

(i) Ajna Chakra, the region of the third eye, behind the two eyebrows, is associated with the anand-mai kosh.

(ii) Kantha Chakra, the region between the third eye and the hidey, is the center of the Vigyan-mai kosh.

(iii) Hirdey Chakra is the region of the hidey (heart), where the pranas or the vital airs reign supreme. It is the center of the mano-mai kosh.

(iv) Nabhi Chakra, that part of the hidey region which extends down to the navel, is the center of the pran-mai kosh.

(v) Indri Chakra, the region of the Naval extending down to guda, is the center of the anna-mai kosh.

(vi) Guda Chakra is the basal plexus or the root wherein are rooted all the subtle or nadis.

All the five sheaths (koshas) are the different seats from where one can operate at different levels; the upper two being spiritual, an the lower two being sensory planes.

Anand-mai sheathes the karat or the causal body ( the seed body) from which everything else below spring, viz., the subtle and the physical planes below. Vigyan-mai is closely associated with and is the nearest to it.

The three sheaths, vigyan-mai, mano-mai and pran-mai, together constitute the sushi or the subtle body in man, which is the connecting link between the other two, the Amanda above, and the anna-mai below, or the causal and the physical respectively.

The anna-mai kosh is the inner lining, so to say, of the physical body and is closely related to the pran-mai kosh.

In all the three bodies, the mind is the active agent, activated as it is by the life-power of the soul, in the life and light of which it works. To all intents and purposes, the mind power alone is seemingly the force that works and keeps all the other four koshas in order. In the physical body, it is the seat from where the five sensory and five motor power carry on their� operation in the physical plane. Similarly, it is from here (i.e., the mind) that the ten subtle (pranic) powers along with the mental powers of the chit, manas, budhi and ahankar, carry on their work in the subtle plane. Again, it is the mind which when stilled carries with it all the latent and nominal impressions and reflects the spirits light and sound. This is then is the vast sway of the mind which extends from the physical to the causal planes, and hence it is often called Triloki Nath or the Lord of the three worlds. In the causal plane it serves as a silver screen, which takes and reflects and spiritual vibrations both in the form of light and sound.

Advantage of Dhyan Yoga

The advantages of the yoga of contemplation of dhyan are innumerable. One engaged in this form of yoga can be mere contemplation have all his desires fulfilled. �As you think, so you become,� is a well-know aphorism. By contemplation on the attributes of God one can develop these attributes within one�s own self and be a witness and a testifier to heavens light, while his senses acquire transcendental powers. The mind also tastes of the bliss of vigyan, when the chit vritis, or the mental modulation, are stilled.

This yoga rids one of all sins, and one feels and inner bliss and halcyon calm. All kinds of mental maladies like fear, shame, vacillation and self-assertiveness, disappear gradually and give place to fearfulness, confidence, firmness and happiness, and one acquires and evenness of temper in all the varying conditions of life. He is not obsessed either by attachment or detachment, and like a lotus flower, floats above and over the slime of common existence. With the knowledge of the true values of life, he grows firm in his convictions and is no longer a prey to the groundless fears and chance winds that blow over him. He has no cause for praise or blame and as such, talks little and does much; all of his acts as motivated by kindliness and good will toward all. His words are honey-sweet and authoritative. He is not tormented by pride and prejudice, but leads a life of perfect moderation and justice. He conquers indolence and idleness; eats little and sleep little and there is hardly any difference in his state of wakefulness and slumber. He is ever the same throughout, with a radiant and a beaming face that bespeaks his inner glory. Kabir says:

The world is but a fictious bondage, and kabir centered in the Naam if forever free.

VIII. SAMADHI

The term samadhi is derived from two Sanskrit roots: sam with it's English equvalent �syn� means �together with,� and adhi (the Primal Being) with it's Hebrew equivalent of Adon or Adonai which denotes �Lord�, the two together, Sam plus adhi, denoting a state in which the mind is completely absorbed in the Lord or God. It is a state in which all limiting forms drop away and the individual, with his individuality all dissolved, experiences the great truth � Ayam Athma Brahma � � I am Thou.�

It is the last and culminating stage in the long-drawn-out process of experimental yoga, and may therefore be said to be the efflorescence of the yogic system. The dhyan itself gradually develops into samadhi when the comtemplator or the mediator loses all thought of himself, and the mind becomes dhya-rupa, the very form of his thought. In this state the aspirant is not conscious of any external object save of consciousness itself, a state of all Bliss or perfect happiness.

There are two means through which the state of Samadhi may be attained. The vedehas ( or those who rise above body consciousness), achieve it by destroying the very Nature of the mind stuff which runs after material object all the time, by channelizing it to a one-pointed attention inward. The others develop this state by practicing in the first instance discernment and discrimination through faith, energy and memory. There are other variations of samadhi as well.

In dhyan or meditation ( one-pointed attention), one retains the distinction between the contemplator and the contemplated, but in samadhi, or identification with the totality, even these disappear, for one�s own individuality is, so to say, annihilated. It is this absorption into the Infinite that gives liberation from all finitizing adjuncts, for then one gets an insight into the very heart of thing and has an experience of the subtle (adhi-devaka) and the abstract (adhi-atmic) aspects of all that exists.

Samadhi, or identification with the Absolute, may be accompanied with consciousness of one�s individuality, in which case it is know as savikalpa, or it may not be accompanied with any such consciousness and is then know as nirvikalpa. The former was compared by Sri Ramakrishna to a cotton doll which when put in water gets saturated with it, and the latter to a doll of salt which when immersed in water dissolves and loses itself in it. of these, nirvikalpa is clearly the higher, for savikalpa, though it greatly widens ones� vision, is yet only a preliminary step towards the unconditioned state. Not all yogins can achieve nirvikalpa, and those that do attain it generally do only once in their life. They thereby finally escape the realms of name and form and become liberated souls. Their unfructified Karmas, both past and present (sanchit and kriyaman) can no longer bind them, but the momenturm of their present lives ( prarabdha) must be completed kalpa, or the unconditioned state, to everyday human consciousness, they live and move as other human beings. But while engaged in worldly duties, they are forever centered in the Divine and are never separate from it. this state of normal activity on the plane of the senses but imbued with God-realization, is designated as Sehaj Samadhi or the state of Easy Union.

Whether sitting, standing or walking about,

They ever remain in a state of eternal equipoise.

KABIR

We may also mention yet another form of samadhi, called Bhavan Samadhi, in which the devotee, lost in devotional music and singing, loses all thought of himself and the world around. This form of samadhi is easy to attain for those of an emotional temperament and affords momentary ecstasy and inner mental relief, but it does not give at-one-ment with the Divine or expands one�s consciousness. As such, the term samadhi is only loosely applied to it, for it displays none of the central attributes of the super-conscious state, nor is it therefore of much help on the inner spiritual journey.

The state of samadhi is not a stone-like, inner state, or a state of withdrawal similar to that of a tortoise withdrawing into it's shell. Each one of us is endowed with a rich inner life, full of untold spiritual gems of which ordinarily we are not conscious in the work-a-day present life of the sense that we usually lead. We can turn inward and expand our vision so as to embrace within it's fold not only a cosmic life but even a super-cosmic life as well, extending into vistas Beyond human ken. It is a state of being, a direct perception, an integral experience of the soul, an immediate and direct knowledge of spiritual anubhava (inner realization), as it is generally called. Professor Bergson, a great philosopher, believed and felt that there was a higher source of knowledge than intellect, which is confined to ratiocination or the reasoning process. He called it intuition, but this state of being goes even Beyond intuition to direct and to immediate knowledge, for intuition is only another name for the sum total of one�s past experiences. An ordinary man does not have to reason or intuit about the sun in order to believe in it's existence. It is there before him, it is prataksha and that renders all proof unnecessary. �All true knowledge exists by itself and is quite independent of the senses. It is the action of the soul and is perfect without the senses. . . .� says Ben Jonson. �The surest way into Truth,� says Henri Bergson, �is by perception, by intuition, by reasoning to a certain point, then by taking a mortal leap.� It is divya drishti or jnana chakshu (i.e., direct experience of the soul, of the reality itself). It is through spiritual flashes and glimpses from Beyond that one gets some view of Truth in the form of spiritual insight, inspiration and revelation. The spiritual experience, though it stands by itself and is Beyond the farthest limits of reason, does not however contradict reason, but makes reason perfect.

Again, samadhi is chaitanya or all �consciousness, as distinguished from jar samadhi. A Hatha yogin, by the practice of Kechari Mudra, withdraws his pranas into the Sahasrar Chakra, the seat of the Jiva- atma or soul, and can sit in a� mountain cave or underground cavity in this state of inanity for months and years. This is a kind of yoga nidra or yogic sleep, and does not give any super-sensory knowledge or spiritual experience. As opposed to this, one who is in chaitanya samadhi is in a state of perfect awareness and can come out of it at will with a new supra-mental experience and spiritual wisdom. In jar samadhi, one cannot break the samadhi by oneself and others have to do it by a complicated procedure of messages, etc. A Raja yogin, a Bhakta or a Jnana yogin, can be awakened easily by someone merely shaking his body, or by blowing a conch or striking a gong. This chaitanya samadhi is achieved when the gunas, devoid of motion, becomes dormant and the power of consciousness gets established in it's own Nature; hence it is often termed as kaialya samadhi or a samadhi or perfect ease and independence.

Samadhi Yoga

Yoga, as said elsewhere, means steadiness of mind, born of chit-vriti-nirodha (nullification of mind or elimination from the mind of al mental vibration), and the term samadhi, comprising the two Sanskrit roots sam and adhi, denotes acceptance, absorption, steadiness in contemplation, or deep inward concentration.

Each individual comes into the world with a background of his own, which fits him for a particular type of yoga. He should therefore engage in such yogic practices as may be best suited to him. Samadhi Yoga is the highest form of yoga. Some children are naturally prone to it, and some persons can take to it directly without even going through the hard discipline usually enjoined for the general run of people. It's practice can, in such cases, be prescribed without any scruples to those ripe for it through past samskaras.

The mind gets vigyan or jnana in the plexus of the throat (Kanth Chakra), which is closely associated with the seat of consciousness in a waking state. The vigyan and the anand or consciousness of bliss dawns only in Sahasrar or Sahas-dal-Kanwal, the thousand-petaled lotus behind the two eyebrows, and Samadhi Yoga aims at the realization of this state wherein one may consciously feel the inherent bliss of the soul. Samadhi then is the state of unalloyed bliss, which is the direct source of everything else: Vigyan (jnana), manas (the mind-stuff), pranas ( the vital airs), and anna (the physical world of sense objects). Anand or bliss is the intrinsic and basic substratum of all that exists, and this is why there is an innate craving in all creatures for satiety, happiness and bliss. Not to speak of man, even the animals, the insects, and in fact all created beings, are ever in search of it in varying degrees and aspects, each according to it's own Nature. But it's full significance or consciousness dawns only on man when in a state of samadhi. It is a gradual process of rising from one place to another, until Jnana is united with bliss at the level of samadhi and one consciously and fully realizes the blissful state. This is the sole end and aim of samadhi Yoga.

The essential quality of bliss is the characteristic of the soul or atman. It is the veil of vigyan or jnan that covers their blissful condition. The moment this veil is removed and one rises above the higher level of the intellect (self-consciousness),� one realizes true happiness and the blissful sea of the atman spreading in and around him to measureless depths and to immeasurable heights. Al the intermediary four koshas: anna, prana, manas, and vigyan, and but wayside halts on the spiritual journey for working out step by step, the yogic sadhna to it's full efflorescence of jnana, and provide nourishment to consciousness as it descends lower. But when it once becomes steady and contacts the spiritual bliss, it becomes aware of the true and higher values of life, ceases to interest itself in the passing and shadowy pleasures of the world, and seeks absorption in Absolute Bliss. This is the culminating point in the spiritual sadhna or practice and when� it is achieved, there remains nothing else to be done. But the trouble with most of us is that we often come to regard jnana or gyan as the goal of all human endeavors and therefore do not attempt to pierce through it's veil and go Beyond into the consciousness of the self and taste of the blissful fountainhead of the soul that lies ahead. The result is that without contact with, and a foretaste of, the awareness of bliss, we become Vachak gyanis or gyanis only in name, ever a prey to groundless fears and depressing states in mind, doubts and distress, which may assails us in the work-a-day life in the world. It is therefore rightly said that:

�A real jnani is one who communes with the Word.�

Vigyan is, after all, a state below that of anand of Real Bliss. As worshipers of the physical body remains entangled in the web of anna-mai kosha, those of the sensuous pleasures in the network of pran � mai� koshaand the mind � ridden in the web of anna-mai kosha, so do many so- called jnanis or gyanis remain caught in the quagmire� of vigyan � mai kosha, without remain� caught in the quagmire of vigyan � mai kosha, without realizing that there is still a stage beyond and above it, and of far greater importance. The four enshrouding sheaths are thick and heavy, folds within folds, and cover up the crest jewel of perfect bliss (anand). The great jeweler, God has kept anand hidden in the innermost and enchanting casket of vigyan which , with it's colorful witchery, keeps even the so � called jnani� bound to body � consciousness.

The wresters, the body builders and the charvakas or epicureans, who regard physical well � being and pleasure as the� goal of life belong to the class of anna- mai jives, who live and die for this cause alone . Next , there are persons who are a little bold, courageous and enterprising . They nourish their ideas, principles and convictions as well as their physical forms and are ever ready to stand by them , even at times at the cost of worldly comforts. Such persons are pran-maijivas,� for they are swayed by the pranas, on which all� life depends, and they have in them the� preponderance of the water . In the Chhandogya Upanishad it is on water that and not food is the source of life and it is on water than to anything else, for in them the element of fire predominates. All poets, writers, inventors, designers and architects come under the category of mano �mai jives. All their energy is channeled in the direction of the mind and they energy is channeled in the direction of the mind and they are martyrs to the path of the mind Next, we have a class of persons who, while caring reasonably for their thoughts and beliefs and mental pursuits, are in the main wedded to intellectual reasoning or ratiocination in finding out the why and wherefore of thing . They are element in them. The highest in the scale of human creation are true happiness above everything else, are ever engaged in search of it, and do not rest until they find it out and live by it. They are ethereal being and live in the all � pervading ether with no limitations. It is the most suble of the enveloping sheath, Beyond which lies the state of Nirvana itself , ineffably serene, a sublime sate of conscious rest in Omniscience.

3. ASHTANG YOGA AND MODERN MAN

This then is the long and the short of the yoga system as originally propounded by Hiranyagarbha, and expounded to the world by Gaudapada and expounded to the world by Gaudapada and patanjali, the well � known philosophers and thinkers. In these few pages, an attempt has been made to give a brief� account of the yoga philosophy as it has come down to us from the hoary past, and which is still considered the keystone of the ancient wisdom of India .

The yoga system is a discipline involving intense and solitary� meditation coupled with physical exercises and postures� to discipline and control the mind and the pranas, so as to make them run in a particular manner that may help in subduing the senses. As such , it is meant for the purification of the body and mind , and prepares the way for the beatific vision. Devotion to God or Ishwara also plays an important part in the yogic realization. The personal God of the yoga philosophy stands apart in the yoga system because the final goal for some of the yogins is the separation of atman from the mind and not union with God. This system, therefore, always works in the domain of dualism. Its principal aim is the separation of the layered jiva from the embodied state so as to become atman, freed from the condition state of mind and matter. Both the understanding will and become stilled, thus liberating the soul to shine in own true and native light.

The yogic exercises genrally yield health, strength and longevity, and help to a certain extent in defying disease, decay and early death. One may also acquire psychic and supernatural powers by controlling Nature and Nature�s laws. By the hightened power of the senses, the yogins can hear from and see at long distances, penetrate into past and the present and even into the future, transmit thoughts and perform miracles.

Many modern scholars, more so those with Western modes of thought, have when first confronted by yoga, tended to dismiss it as no more than an elaborate means of self-hypnotism. Such an attitude is quite unscientific even though it often parades under the garb science. It is generally the result of prejudice born of ignorance or a superficial knowledge of the subject. It is natural for us to attempt to relegate to the realm of superstition, phenomena with which we are unfamiliar and which defy our habitual ways of thought about life, for to study them, to understand them, to test and accept them, would require effort and perseverance of which most of us are incapable. It is not unlikely that some so �called yogins may justify the label of �self � hypnotists.� But those few who genuinely merit the name of yogins are too humble to who court publicty and have nothing about them to suggest the neurotic escapist. They invariably display a remarkably sensitive awareness to life in all its complexity and variety, and this awareness to life in all it's complexity and variety, and this � delusion quite inapt, irrelevant and even ridiculous. For, to seek the Unchanging behind the changing, the Real behind the phenomenal, is certainly not to �ridiculous. For, to seek the Unchanging behind the changing, the Real behind the phenomenal, is certainly not to �hypnotize� oneself. If anything, it displays a spirit of enquiry that is exceptional in it's honesty and integrity, that is content with nothing less than the absolute truth, and the kind of renciation it demands is most difficult to practice. Hence it is , that as time passes, as knowledge is gradually undermining ignorance, the former philistinism is steadily wearing a way. The new developments of the physical sciences have had no small share in furthering this process, for by revealing that everything in this physical universe is relative and that matter is not matter per Saints but ultimately a form of energy, it has confirmed, at the lower level of the yogic concept at least, the conception of the world inherent in the yogic system, giving it a scientific vaidity which was earlir doubted. Nevertheless, even if one accepts the basis of Ashtang Yoga as it is far from easy to us from patanjali, one must confess that it is far from easy to practice. Even Gaudapada admitted that to pursue it was first developed it demanded a highly rigorus discipline of life, and the ideal of the four ashramas was the inevitable consequence. If one was to achieve any thing substantial, one had to begin from infancy itself. The first twenty � five years of brahmcharya were to be utilized in the physical and spiritual health capable of withstanding life�s rigors. The next twenty � five years, grehastya, were to be lived as supporter to the wife, and asound teacher to the children. Obligations to society performed, death drawing nearer, and life tasted to society performed, death drawing nearer, and life tasted to society performed, death drawing nearer, and life tasted to the full, one was free to seek its inner meaning and ripe for it's understanding. And so, the succeeding twenty � five years were to be spent in vanprasth, in the solitude of strenuous meditation one had gained enlightenment. Now at last one was fit to be called a sanyasin and able to devote the last quarter of the century � span as envisaged in the perfect life, to the task of assisting one� s fellow men in their search for spiritual freedom.

Even in olden days, the ideal of the four ashramas was not an easy one. Little wonder then that yoga was restricted to the chosen few and was not propagated as a course to be followed by the common peole, continuing only as a mystery school whose torch was passed on from guru to chela (sadhak) in a restricted line. If anything, modern conditions have rendered it's pursuit in this form even more difficult and well nigh impossible. As life has become more complex and the various professions more complex and the various professions more specialized, men no longer find it possible to devote the first twenty five years of their life solely to the cultivation of body and mind in preparation for the final quest. They must spend them in schools, colleges and institutes, which employ most of their resources in training them for a career. Nor, with the ever growing population, is it feasible to expect one fourth of the members of society �grehastis �to provide the means of physical sustenance for the remaining three quarters, as was once perhaps possible.

As if this were not enough, the integrated eight fold yoga of patanjali seems to have grown more specialized and complicated with the passage of time. each of it's branches and complicated with the passage of time. each of it's branches has developed to a point where it almost seems a complete subject in itself. Little wonder then that man, practicing in their various details the various yamas and niyams, or mastering the difference asanas or learning to control the pranic to mansic (mental) energies, begins to imagine that his particular field of specialization is not, as patanjali envisaged, just a rung in the ladder of the integrated yoga, but yoga itself. No doubt, he drives some benefits, by distracting his attention from the ultimate goal, become a positive hindrance to real progress instead of being aids to it. only a very few men of exceptional physical endurance, long life and an extraordinary capacity for not forgetting the distant goal, can, in our time, pursue patanjalis ashtang yoga to it's logical conclusion, it's highest purpose: at one ment with brahma. For the rest it, must remain either too difficult to practice, or a process that, by encouraging them to mistake the intermediate for the final, the means for the end, defeats it's own purpose.

If spirituality must entail a slow ascension through all the rungs of this intricate and involved of yoga, then it cannot choose but remain a closed secret to mankind at large. If , however, it is to become a free gift of Nature like the sun, the air and the water, then it must make itself accessible through a technique which places it within the reach of all, the child no less than the adult, the weak no less than the strong, the householder no less than the samnyasin. It is of such technique that kabir and Nanak gave us hope and will be dealt with later.

CHAPTER THREE

THE FORMS OF YOGA

HAVING discussed the yoga system in general as expounded by Patanjali, we will now proceed to study the various forms of yoga that arose subsequently. Beginning with the traditional, we are told of four distinct types: 1. Mantra Yoga, 2. Hatha Yoga 3. Laya Yoga and 4. Raja Yoga. Most of these draw heavily on Patanjali and present reformulation of his basic teachings each specializing in one or another of it's aspects. As such, some degree of repetition is unavoidable; yet we must risk it, if only to have a clearer view of the vast subject of yoga.

1. MANTRA YOGA OR THE YOGA OF UTTERANCE

They even forget, that all deities reside in the human breast.

�

WILLIAM BLAKE.

Mantra Yoga is concerned in the main, with the acquisition of one or the other material or mental power or powers through the constant repetition of a particular mantra or oral formula in order to attract the presiding power or deity to which the mantra relates, an then to press that power into service good or bad, according to the will and pleasure of the practitioner. One who uses these powers for effecting evil and doing harm to others often runs the risk of self-immolation and usually falls prey to the wrath of the deity concerned. Those who employ such powers for selfish motives with the object of material grains to themselves at the cost of others, very soon lose their power, and in the end ruin themselves. These powers may, however, be profitably used for the good of others and there is not much harm in that, though it may mean loss of some vital energy after each such act. All types of miracles of the lowest order, like thought-reading, thought-transference, faith-healing, particularly in cases of nervous and mental diseases, fall under this category. It is therefore much better to avoid such things and to conserve whatever psychic powers one may acquire, and use them for gaining at least the lower spiritual planes and regions which form the seat of the deities concerned, in a spirit of selfless devotion. Then all the psychic powers will of themselves function without incurring any loss by ones own acquisition of them. It should however be borne in mind that repetition of the mantras per Saints does not bear any fruit unless it is done with full attention fixed on the specific mantras, and with intense devotion such as may set up particular vibrations connected therewith. But Mantra Yoga by itself is not of who practice this form of yoga remain ever entangled in useless pursuits of one kind or another as described above, with no great benefit to themselves in the upliftment of the self or soul.

As regards the exercise of mantra siddhis or supernatural powers acquired through the efficacy of meditation on mantras, Patanjali, in his Yog sutras, sounds a definite note of warning:

They are obstacles to samadhi, powers but in worldly state.

Technique in Mantra Yoga

Mantra Yoga is the yoga of rhythmic repetition of hermetically sealed formulas � sacred and secret � prepared by the ancient mantrakaras (adepts in phonetics and in the power of sounds, including supersonics or sounds Beyond the human ken), each designed separately for winning over the particular God or Goddess representing one or the other powers of Nature. It may be practiced with or without the aid of a rosary of Rudraksha as the shaivites do, or of Tulsi beads, as used by Vaishnavites.

The mantras represent vibrations. The most sacred of the Vedic mantras is that of the Gayatri. It is the mood mantra of the Vedas and hence is considered to be of the first importance. It's virtue is said to be great and it's japa or repetition has been enjoined in all Hindus from a very early stage. The easiest and the most efficacious is the sacred syllable. Aum, symbolizing the creative life-principle itself, and hence most of the mantras themselves begin with this sacred syllable. The Advaitists, who see the power of God immanent in all forms and as all pervading, believe in the mantra of identification of atman with Parmatman: Aham Braham Asmi (I am Brahman) and Ayam Athma Brahman (I am thou); and these are often shortened into soham or sohang and hansa or aham-sah, meaning respectively, �I am he� and he is I. The Vedantist repeat Om Tat Sat (Aum is the truth and the reality) and the Buddhist OM Mani Padme Hum. Next in the scale are mantras dedicated or addressed to this or that deity in adoration, praise, propitiation or entreaty for boons.

The efficacy of a mantra depends on it's right pronunciation, right appreciations of it's significance, which is often very profound, the right attitude of the person engaged in Mantra Yoga, and on the competence of the preceptor of guru, who has mastered not only the technique but has successfully manifested for himself the seed power lying hidden in the core of the mantra and can offer it as a prasad or a gift of grace to his disciple.

Some of the mantras bring forth quick results, some fructify in their own good time and some bear fruit according to the merit of the individual� concerned. Some are, however, of a forbidden type and hence inimical in Nature and more often than not they prove harmful.

Again, the effect of a mantra also depends on how the japa is performed. The japa done is whispers is considered as more meritorious than the one uttered loudly, and japa done in low murmurs is still better, while mansic japa done with the tongue of thought is the most meritorious.

The japas too are of different kinds according to the occasion, the season and intention of the doer. The nitya are, for example, to be performed every day as a matter of routine. The namittika are for certain ceremonial occasions. The prayshchitta are those done as a penance, atoning for lapses from the path of rectitude. Then there are chala and achala japas, that can be performed at any time, at any place and under any circumstances, in any state or position. The other require a specific asana, place, time and direction, etc, coupled with a regular and elaborate ritual, e.g. offering of flowers, scent, incense, light-waving and bell-tinkling, havan and tarpan (rituals of fire and water), with various purificatory acts.

For success in Mantra Yoga it is necessary that the sadhak should observe purity within and without having a full-hearted devotion exemplary character and conduct before he can have any degree of concentration and contemplation.

We observe similar practices among the Muslim faqirs, who practice vird or repetition of sacred words like Hu, Haq, Analhaq, and use a tasbih (rosary) for the purpose. The Christian monks also tell their beads and chant hymns and psalms.

II. HATHA YOGA

This form of yoga deals with the control of the body and the bodily activities as the means of stilling the mind. It's aim is to make the human body strong and capable enough to stand and endure the hardest and the toughest conditions, and to make it immune, as far as possible, from physical diseases and ailments. But Beyond a robust physique and possible longevity through the practice of pranayam or habs-I-dam, as it is called by the Muslims (control and regulation of breath), it is not much help in self-realization by itself, though it may to a certain extent prepare the ground for a higher type of spiritual discipline leading thereto. It is in a sense a �ladder to Raja Yoga.� It cannot even give the mind any great degree of control, as it is commonly supposed to do. By practicing Hatha yoga, one may come to gain some siddhis or psychic powers through the exercise of certain asanas, mudras and bandhas, or physical position and postures, and the practice of pranayam. The system includes observance of a number of penances and ascetic austerities like fast and vigils, maun or a vow of silence for months and years, panch agni tapas (sitting with lighted fire on four sides and the burning sun overhead), standing on one leg, suspending oneself with head downward, etc. Some of the Christian Saints went to great extremes like the wearing of nail-studded tunics, horsehair shirts, scourging of the body, self-flogging in all imitation of the suffering of Christ. Even among the Muslim shias, we see the traces of self torture when during the Muharram days, they beat their breasts and backs with knives fastened to iron chains in commemoration of the terrible sufferings that Hasan and Hussain the grandsons of the Prophet, had to undergo along with a handful of their faithful followers, at the hands of their co-religionists under Yazid, on the burning plains of Karbla in defence of their faith. But all these terrible self-chastisements, however heroic in themselves, hardly grant any spiritual benefit. Of what good is it to torture and torment the body, when the serpent of the mind lies safely hid far beneath the surface and continues to thrive unscathed?

Leaving aside such forms of self-torture, the Hatha Yoga proper aims at perfecting the body as an instrument for higher types of yogas, and as such may have some value, to enable the body to stand the stress and strain involved in them. But even the routine of Hatha Yoga Kriyas is too difficulty to perform and often leads to inner complications which at times prove serious and incurable and endanger life.

These kriyas are meant for purification of the arteries and other channels in the body of all kind of accumulated mineral deposits like chalk, lime and salt, etc., which clog the system and are the root cause of decay and disease. This process of deintoxication and rejuvenation is done by means of purificatory acts called Shat Karma (meaning six acts ),which are: Neti karma (cleaning of the nose)� A piece of thin muslin about three- fourths yard long is twisted into a string like form and covered with a coating of wax. It is passed through each of the nostrils in turn and taken out of the mouth after a little rubbing so as to clean them of phlegm, etc. It is helpful in curing diseases of the nose and throat . It keeps the head cool, and disorders or acidity may substitute for jala neti, or douching the nasal channels withpure water.

(ii) Dhoti karma (washing the stomach) : Along piece of cloth three inches in width and measuring about seven yards in length is soaked in tepid water and then slightly wrenched.�� It is gradually swallowed down the throat into the stomach with the help of warm water, keeping about two feet of the other end in hand. After retaining it for a few minutes and shaking the abdomen, it is taken out very, very slowly. It clenses the alimentary canal of impurities like mucus, bile and phlegm and cures an enlarged spleen and cough, etc. This practice requires extreme care and attention so that cloth may not get entangled in the intestines and result in serious complications, which might even prove fatal. It should not be practiced when suffering from inflammation of the throat and bronchial disorders, irritation of the stomach or during coughing, etc.

(iii) Basti karma (washing the bowels):It is a kind of enema whereby water is drawn in through the rectum into the lower intestines. After retaining it for some time , it is churned sideways and thrown out. It removes constipation and ejects inner, hardened refuse matter, which generally to the tepid water makes it more beneficial. It is used for ailments connected with the male organ and the anus and it cures gaseous disorders of bile or Basti weakens the tender intestines and may inflame the inner surface, and hence the need for careful guidance in such matters. It may be substituted by air cleansing if necessary, by drawing in and letting out air instead of water.�� (iv) Gaja karni or kunj karma: it is also known as Shankha Pashala. The practice consists in taking a bellyful of water and then swilling it within by muscular activity and throwing it out from the mouth as a gaja or elephant does with his trunk. In this way two or three quarts of warm water are taken and vomited out after washing the inner system by a circulatory motion of the muscles within. It is particularly useful for those who suffer from biliousness or actdity.�� (v) Niyoli karma(shaking the belly ): It is done by sitting erect in Siddha or padma Asana with hands settled on the knees. The upper part of the body along with the intestines is then to be churned or shaken rapidly from right to left so as to remove all inner impurities adhering to the inner walls. This practice is useful in ridding one of abdominal ailments of gastric and gaseous nature by releasing the digestive secretions . It helps in muscular contractions which in turn aid yogic breathing or pranayam. (vi) Tratak Karma (gaze fixing ): It is a dristi sadhana� and consits in fixing the gaze, first on external centers, and then gradually on inner centers as explained at some length in the foregoing pages dealing with Yog Vidya and Yog Sadhna, in the section on �pranayam.� By it, the gazing becomes steady and when turned inward, one begings to� see the wonders of the inner world of Trikuti, the highest heaven of such yogins.*

Besides the above there are two other practices:

(i) Kalpal Dhoti (rapid breathing in and out ) for purification of the lungs. It can conveniently� take the place of Neti, but should be avoided in the rainy season and in ill- health. The brething should be quick but not too fast, so that it may not affect the lungs and the respiratory system.

(ii) Shnkh pashali: it consists in taking water by mouth and immediately evacuating it through the rectum after a little shaking of the abdomen . It clenses the entire digestivesystem by washing it clean of all impurities.� All these processes, if not done under the direction , guidance and control of an adept in the yogic sadhnas, more often than not do more harm than good . It must be admitted that there is something artificial and unnatural about them, and cases have been reported wherein even adepts have suffered from their performance. It is therefore better to take recourse to natural ways of simple, wholesome and fresh vegetarian diet in it's natural state, some cow�s milk and ghee, fresh water, regular but untiring exercises, deep breathing, etc., all of which are free from any of the dangers attending the Hatha yoga practices.

Thus we see that in Hatha Yoga one has, in the first instance, to set the physical house in order, and that this is done by the practice of shat Karmas, or the six preliminary practices as described above. After this, for successfully working out this type of yoga and acquiring proficiency therein, recourse is to be had to the following disciplines:

(a) Scrupulous cultivion of yamas and niyamas.

(b) Observance of sanjam, or moderation and discipline, in all phases of life, and particularly in thoughts, words and deeds.

(d) Pranayam system, all of which have been explained elsewhere in Ashtang Yoga.

We may now cosider what some writers have said regarding the place of Hatha Yoga in the spiritual path. Shri Yogindra, in his Introuction to his Hatha Yoga (simplified), speaks of Hatha Yoga as follows:

�

The necessity of this system of yoga must have been felf in the ancient past when the discipline and education of the physical became an essential form of discipline and control of the mental, the moral and the psychic. In this context, Hatha Yoga should be, and is regarded as the methodical approach to the attainment of the highest in Yooga. Because it deals primarily with the physical, the human body, in relation to mental, it has been appropriately identified as the physiological yoga or Ghatasya Yoga.�

The author Alain Danielou in his book, Yoga: The Method of Reintegration, describes the Method of Hatha yoga as reintegration through strength, because �self is not within the reach of the weak,� and dealing with its object and method, says:

Hatha Yoga is the name given to the technical practices and disciplines by which the body and the vital energies can be brought under control. Although of the means of yoga, it is the first preparation toward the way of reintegration, essential for further realization.

All treatises on yoga insist that the sole purpose of the physical practices of Hatha Yoga is to surmount physical obstacles on the spiritual or royal path of reintegration � Raja Yoga.

�Hatha� literally means �will- power,� or indomitable will to do a thing or to achive an object howsoever out of the common run it may appear to be .The meaning of the word �Hatha� Danielou goes on to explain from the Goraksha samhita, as:

The syllable �Ha� represents the sun, and the syllable �tha�represents the moon and the conjunction (yoga) of the sun and moon is therefore Hatha Yoga.

The cosmic principles, which manifest themselves in the planetary world as the sun and the moon, are found in every aspect of existence. In man, they appear mainly under two forms, one in the subtle body. The other in the gross body in the subtle body they appear as two channels along which our perception travel between the subtle centers at the base of the spinal chord and the center at the summit of the head. These two are called Ida and pingala; one corresponding to the cold aspect of the moon and the other to the warm aspect of the sun.

In the gross body, the lunar and solar principles correspond to the respiratory, cool, and the digestive, warm, vital energies, and are called prana and apana. It is by coordinating these two most powerful vital impulses that the yogin achieves his aim. In relation to breath, the cold air breathed in is spoken of as prana vayu and the warm air breathed out as apana vayu.

Hatha Yoga has certain undeniable advantages, many of which have already been described in the previous chapter when discussing asanas, pranayam or pratyahara. It lays the foundation of a healthy life capable of withstanding many physical strains through the elimination of toxic and impure matter within the bodily system. Toa yogin, decay comes not as the tortured end ripe fruit, it is the severance that is naturally wrought by inner maturity. Gain of control over various physical function naturally bring with it some degree of mental control as well, for any rigorous discipline of the will, and the development of the one stimulates the other.

Nevertheless, the physical and psychic powers that Hatha Yoga ensures to physical and psychic powers that Hatha Yoga ensures to the successful sadhak are not without their snares and dangers. Instead of being kept strictly private for further spiritual progress or uned only for the most humanitarian purposes, they are often employed for winning public applause and wealth. It is not for nothing that the common man associates this yoga with men who walk on burning charcoals, swallow glass- pieces or metal blades, eat snakeheads and rodents, hold back running cars , or allow themselves to be run� over by trucks or elephants. The serious- minded student of yoga, observing this abuse, must use these practices strictly as stepping � stones to Raja Yoga or else discard them altogether as yet another distraction from the goal , another means for pampering the ego which they set out to master. Huston smith, in The Religions of Man, has put the matter roundly:

�

Some person are chiefly interested in coordinating their bodies. Needless to say, they have their Indian counterparts �men who take mastery of the body as their basic interest, India has been interested in precision and control, ideally complete control over the body �s every function � Julian Huxley has ventured cautiously that India appears to have discovered some thing about what the body can be brought to do of which the west has no inkling. This extensive body of instruction comprises an authentic yoga, Hatha yoga. Originally it was practiced as a preliminary to spiritual yoga, but as it has largely lost this connection , it need not concern us here. A judgement of the Hindu sages on this mater can be ours as well: incredible thing can be done with the body if this is what interests you are willing to give your life to it. but these things have little to do with enlightenment. In fact, they grow out of a desire to show off, their mastery makes for oride and so is inimical to spiritual progress.

III. LAYA YOGA

This is yoga of absorption or mergence. Laya literally means to lose oneself in some Overpowering idea or a ruling passion. By a deep and continued absorption through�� concentration, one is gradually led to a state of forgetfulness of everything else, including the bodily self, and to having only one thought uppermost in one�s mind, which is the objective before him for realization. This obsession may be for anything, worldly gain, power and pelf, name fame; name and fame; even for acquiring riddhis and siddhis or supernatural powers or, above all, for attaining the Ultimate Reality we call God. Thus there are various forms and stages of Laya yoga, the highest of course being absorption in the contemplation of God � the conception of the yogins in his behalf being the astral light and the means thereto lying through the practice of described in the foregoing chapter; for Laya Yoga corresponds closely to patanjali�s views on dhyan. The highest type of contemplation in Laya Yoga takes one above body �consciousness, leading to the Divine Ground of the human soul- Sahasrar or the headquarters of the subtle regions, with a thousand �petaled lotus full of lights in a pyramidical formation. Forgetfulness of everything but the subject of continued meditation is the key to success in this form of Yoga. It is the natural result of pratyahara and dharna leading to dhyan, which combined to- gether constiute the foundation of Laya Yoga.

The yogins believe in the twin principles of purush and Prakriti, the positive male and the negative female principles, both in Man and in Nature. In Man this Nature- energy lies coiled up at the basal root- center in the body, and the process consists in awakenking it into activity by the performanace of asanas and the practice of yogic brething , and in carrying it up through the central nedi- sukhman � until it reaches and hence the term yogic breathing , and in carring it up through the highest center- the sukhman � until it reaches and merges in the highest center- the purush in Sahasrar � and hence the highest center- the purush in Sahasrar- and hence the term yoga of mergence.� For success in Laya Yoga , one has to rely on the lights of the various elements that predominate at the charkas, or centers, in the pind or physical body . As this journey of mergence of the mind into chid- akash is not free from risks, it is necessary to� work it out under the strict guidance of an adept in the line.

Laya yoga differs vitally other forms of yoga, which in the main have positive approach by concentration or contemplation on some fixed object. In laya yoga, the approach is of a negative type. Instead of controlling the mind as yoga systems generally do it, concentrates on controlling the kundalini, the vital energy, which lies hidden and latency that it is termed as laya yoga.

IV. RAJA YOGA ��

As the man indicates and implies, it means �the royal road to reintegration;� the reintegration of soul which is now in a state of disintegration, having lost it's cohesion through the diversifying influence of the mind running into so many outgoing chanels. This path offers a scientific approach God ward and is best suited to person offers a scientific approach God ward and is best suited to person gifted with a scientific approach God ward and is best suited to person gifted with a scientific mind and scientific outlook, both within and without, and given to experimentation. It is based on the assumption that the true self in man is quite different form, and more wonderful than, what it is commonly supposed and appears to be in the workaday life where it is subject to limitations that crowds in and press upon it from all sides, making it look for all practical purposes a finite element and not the limitless reality it really is.

Again, the experiments involved in raja yoga are to be performed on ones own self, unlike those in other sciences, in which the whole process involved is one of experiment on outside Nature. A raja yogin is not expected to take things for granted or to blindly accept an authority, scriptural or other wise. His is essentially a path of self-experiment in the laboratory of the mind and he proceeds slowly but steadily, step by step, and never stops until the goal is reached.

Man, according to raja yoga, is a �layered entity� and is clothes in so many folds, one within the other, e.g., body, bodily habits, mode of life, inherited and acquired, senses and addictions, vital airs, restless mind with innumerable mental vibrations, ever active, will and egocentricity, etc., all of which form koshas or veils covering the atma. Within these lies the crest jewel being itself, the ever abiding self underneath the phenomenal personality. Thus complete liberation (mukti), consists in complete release from the countless finitizing process enveloping the infinite ocean of the creative life principle, so as to have all Power, all life, all wisdom, all joy, all bliss and everything else in it's fullness. In other words, it means depersonalization of the soul by literally tearing down the personality or the mask, which an actor dons when he comes on to the stage to play his role. The job of a raja yogin then, is to unmask or false identifications, and thereby to separate the great self from the enshrouding sheaths by which it is encumbered.

Ashtang yoga or the eightfold path of patanjali leads to what is commonly known as raja yoga. It is the ladder whereby one achiees nirbij samadhi, unmani, sehaj awastha or the efflorescence O the yogic art. It deals with the training of the mid and its psychic Powers to an extent which may lead to enlightenment, whereby true perception is attained and one gains an equipoise, a state is the pinnacle of all yogic endeavors and practices, and once attained, the yogin while living in the world, is yet no longer of the world. This is how taj rishi janak and Lord Krishna, the prince of the yogins, lived in the world, ever engaged in worldly is yet no longer of the world. This is how taj rishi janak and Lord Krishna, the prince of the yogins, lived in the world, ever engaged in worldly pursuits and activities, carrying the wheel of the world in their hands in perpetual motion, yet with a still center fixed in the divine plane. All of their actions were characterized by activity in inactivity. Such in the apex in the yoga system, a state in which the senses, the mind and the intellect come to a standstill. In the katha Upanishad, we have:

When all the senses are stilled, when the mind is at rest, when the intellect wavers not �that, say the wise, is the highest state �the kavalaya pad (the state of supreme realization).

It aims at samadhi (the final step in patanjali�s yoga system.) whereby the individual is deindividual and perceives within his the totality, unbounded and unembodied, limitless and free, all pervading like the ether. It is seeing all things in the aspect of eternity.

A few words about the state of samadhi may not be amiss here. samadhi may be conscious of the remains conscious of the object, while in the other, there is am inner calm in which one sees and gets a real insight, as if in a flash, of the objects as it really is. it is seeing with the soul (or the inner spiritual eye), when our bodily are shut. This is immediate and direct perceptual knowledge as distinct from meditate knowledge, i.e, through the medium of the smoke colored glasses of the senses, the mind and the maddening world outside. It is a mystical state in which chit. Manas, budhi and ahankar all lose their respective functions and the disentangled and deindividualized self alone shines in it's own luminosity. It is about this state that vyasa tells us: �yoga can best be known only through yoga, for yoga becomes manifested through yoga.� (yoga bhasya� iii:6).

The most sacred syllable with the raja yogins in aum. In mandukya Upanishad, we have a detailed account of this word. it is the same as the holy word in the gospel of st.� John. It is the kalma or bang I qadim of the muslims, the akash bani or vak devi of the ancient rishis, the udgit or naad� of the Upanishads, the sraosha of zoroaster, and the Naam or Shabd of the Master. The world and the Vedas all originated from this syllable aum. In gita it is said, �the Brahmin, who reciting and thinking upon aum, goes, forth, abandoning the body, goes on to the highest path.� Lord Krishna speaking of himself says, �I am omkar, I am pranva in all the Vedas, in speech I am ek akshra (the one syllable).� In the Upanishad it is stated, �aum is the bow, the mind arrow; brahma is the target with singleness one with the target, the individual soul will become identified with the Brahman.�

A single vibration in brahman (eko aham bahusiam) caused all the lokas, and with it brought into being all planes, spiritual,� casual, astral� and physical, with their countless divisions and subdivisions. The physical, with their countless divisions and subdivisions. The physical vibration in man correspond to the Universe, with all its trinities, like Brahma, Vishnu and Siva; Sajas Rajas and Tamas; Jagrat, Swapan and Sushupti, all which are contained in Aum, the Lord of the three worlds.

�Lord Yama, the God Death, exhorting Nachiketa said, �The goal uniformly extolled by all the Vedas, and for which man strives with all his tapas, is in brief, Aum.�

Similarly, the term pranva means something ever new and fresh, unchanging and eternal (kutastha nitya) , like the relation between Shabda and it's meaning , as opposed to parinama nitya, which is eternally changing .

From the above, it follows that each of the four classical forms of yoga is but an integral part of the yoga system as a whole as given by patanjali, with a special emphasis on one or the other aspect of the system, and that these forms constitute a progressive development from Mantra Siddhi to Raja yoga, each step paving the way for the next higher stage on the yogic path.

To make yoga more practicable, distinctions were made in later time, for different types of people, based on individual temperaments and vocational pursuits. While the persons who were highly intellectual and reasoned out everything very often took to Jnana Yoga or �the yoga of knowledge,� those with an emotional temperament were offered Bhakti Yoga or �the yoga of Devotion,� consisting of devotional exercises like singing and chanting of hymna and psalms (as did princess Mira and chaitanya Mahaprabhu). Again, those who were primarily engaged in the outer activities of the world, were considered as best fitted for Karma Yoga or �the Yoga of Action,� consisting of austerities like fasts and vigils, performance of yajnas and other charitable acts, meritorious deeds like pilgrimages to holy places and reading of scriptures, etc., and above all the path of selfless duty. In this way there arose the three types of� popular yogas,�namely those of head, heart and hand, signifying Jnana Yoga, Bhakti Yoga and Karma Yoga. These yogas find their first clear and unequivocal exposition in the Bhagavad Gita, and Lord Krishna stands in the same relationship to them as does patanjali to four traditional types.

�

But it must be noticed that these three types cannot be classified into water- tight compartments. Each of them can hardly be practiced by itself to the total exclusion of the others. They simply indicate the preominant and inherent traits be practiced by itself to the total exclusion of the others. They simply indicate the preominant and inherent traits in the Nature of the aspirants. A mere theoretical knowledge of yoga, without devotion and action, is just like a tree bereft of foliage and fruit, fit only for the woodcutter�s axe. Again, devotion per se is meaningless, unless one has an intellectual grasp and a factual� experience of the thing and actively grasp and a factual experience of the thing and actively strives for it. Actions by themselves, whether good or bad, without devotion and knowledge, keep one in perpetual bondage, like fetters of gold or of steel as the case may be, for both sorts have an equally binding force and efficacy. This world is karma kshetra, or field of action, and all acts performed on the plane of the senses without discriminating knowledge and loving devotion bear fruit, which the doer has of necessity to gather up, whether he wills it or not. It is only action performed without attachment and desire for the fruit thereof that can bring freedom. one has therefore to become Neh Karma in this karma Bhoomi to escape from the wheel of karmic bondage. The law of Karma is stern and inexorable, and one should not unnecessarily go on doing karmas endlessly and remain in eternal bondage.

He alone is free from the binding effect of karmas, who communes with the holy word.

-GURU AMAR DAS

The yoga system, thus, is in essence one integrated whole and cannot be split into any artificial classifications. In Bhagavad Gita or the song Celestial, which pre-eminently is a yoga sutra, the prince of yogins, Lord Krishna, gives a clear exposition of the various types of yogas to the Kshatriya prince Arjuna, so as to bring home to him the importance of Swadharm, or the path of duty, as defined from various angles, for work is nothing but worship, in the true sense of the word, if one realizes it as such and does it without attachments to the fruit thereof.

V. JNANA YOGA OR THE YOGA OF KNOWLEDGE

(RIGHT DISCRIMINATION)

The path of Jnana is for those who are gifted with strong intellect or mental grasp and have keen insight, capable of penetrating into the why and whereof of things, so as to reach the core of reality. It means right discrimination and knowledge, the first essential in the eightfold path of righteousness as enunciated by Buddha. It is from right understanding of the true values of life that everything else proceeds in the right direction, for without right knowledge of Truth all endeavors, with the best of intentions, are likely to go awry and land us sooner or later into difficulties.

The importance of true knowledge is felt in fact in all aspects of yogic life whether Karma Yoga or Bhakti Yoga. In Karma Yoga, one needs to know and realize that one has a right to action or work and not to the fruit thereof. As one cannot but do work the work therefore to be performed in the true spirit of one�s duty, a dedication unto the Lord, with the mind fixed on him. The renunciation of attachment to the fruits brings evenness of temper and in the calm of self-surrender lies true yoga of contemplation, a perfect peace born of total surrender of ones life to God.

In Bhakti Yoga also, a bhakta or a devotee has, as a preliminary step, to understand the true significance of bhakti or devotion to the Lord andthen to develop in himself a correct perspective, which may enable him to see the light of his IshtDeva not only in human beings but in every form of life.

In short, the path of Jnana Yoga lays emphasis on the true knowledge of the inmost Reality that is, or the true Nature of atman. �Self-contemplation�, the keynote of a true jnani, tries with the exercise of proper discrimination to separate the apparently giant little self (the outer man) from the little great self within (the inner man) for the self is the foe of self, and self when properly trained becomes the friend of self. The aim of this yoga is to chase away the darkness of ignorance with the torch of knowledge. It is a highly analytical path and for it's successful working, one has to adhere diligently to three things:

(1). Shravan or hearing: hearing the scriptures, the philosophic discourses, and above all, the living teachers of spirituality with first-hand experience of the of the Reality, who can transmit their own life impulse to those coming into contact with them, for it is in the company of the truly awakened soul that one awakens from ones long slumber.

(2). Manan or thinking: it consists in intense and thoughtful contemplation of what one has heard and understand so as to concretize the abstract, and make intellectual concepts the pulse of moment to moments living through a careful exercise of discrimination that distinguishes at every step the true from the false. It amounts to freeing the soul from the noose of egoism by all possible means at ones command. It is like churning butter out of the buttermilk.

(3). Nidhyasan or practice: It consists in shifting the center of gravity from the ephemeral and changing self to the abiding and eternal self, from the circumference to the center of one�s being. This gradually brings about detachment from the pairs of opposites � riches and poverty, health and disease, fame and ignominy, pleasure and pain, etc. � into which one and all tend to drift in the normal course of existence.

The path of jana is a short-cut to yoga but it is frightfully steep, and very few can take to it. it requires a rare combination of razor-sharp intellect and intense spiritual longing, which only a few like Buddha and Shankara possess.

The path however, would become smooth if one, by a mighty good fortune, were to meet a Master-soul. A Sant Satguru can, by his long and strong arm, draw an aspirant right out of the bottomless vortex of the life of the senses, without his having to do overmuch sadhna.

VI. BHAKTI YOGA OR THE YOGA OF LOVING DEVOTION

He who with unwavering devotion (BhaktiYoga), does God service, has crossed Beyond the strands, and is fit for salvation.

BHAGAVAD GITA

It is a yoga of worship with a loving and living faith, absolute and steadfast, ones Isht Deva or the object of ones reverent adoration. It is a very popular path, most suited to those who are endowed with an emotional bent of mind. Selfless devotion is the keynote to success on this path. A bhakta or a devotee delights in rapturous strains, and is ever engaged in singing hymns in praise of his Lord and never gets weary of them. He tends to differ from a jnani both in his outlook on life and approach to God, for instead of seeking the true self, which is also the Brahman, he sets up a dualism between himself and his God, whom he adores as a separate and superior being. But this dualism is not necessarily ultimate; the bhakta knows the secret that one becomes that which one adores.

The cult of bhakti occupies an important integral place in all the yogic sadhnas. In a Jnani, it provides a substancial support in the form of devotion to the cause of self-knowledge. In a Karma yogin, it manifests itself in the form of an effect, and finds it's efflorescence in acts of loving devotion for the common weal of all creatures, for they are the creation of God.

The path of bhakti is characterized by three salient features: japa, prem and the symbolic representation of the object of veneration.

(1). Japa: It connotes the constant remembrance and repetition of Gods name; in the beginning orally, by means of the tongue, and then mentally. All the devotees engage in this practice irrespective� of their religious orders. The practice of telling bead is widespread in the world. The Hindus name it mala, the Christians �rosary� and the Muslims tasbih. Unless it is performed with the devotion and concentration, it defeats it's purpose for it runs the risk of becoming mechanical. Thus in some countries the whole practice has resolved itself into a mere rotating of a wheel on which are inscribed various prayers, only the hand being kept busy, while the mind instead of being fixed on God is left free to wander in worldly thoughts.

(2). Prem bhava or love-attitude assumes multitudinous forms with a bhakta. Sometimes he assumes the role of a child, and clings to God as one does to his Father or mother, and at other times altogether reverses the process and sports with him as one does with his child. At times, he adopts an attitude of a friend and a companion (sakha-bhava), of a lover pining for his beloved spouse, of a devoted slave for his Master, or a tippler for the saqi, as we find in the quatrains of Omar Khayyam. It all depends on ones varying moods and predilections. Christ always spoke of God as the Father, Paramhansa� Ramakrishna adored him as the mother, Arjuna the warrior prince, and Meera, the Rajput princess, always regarded him as a Sakha or a friend and companion, while the Gopi sang songs of poignancy and grief as any love smitten maiden would do for her lover.

(3). Next comes the chosen symbol of the Lord. Everyone has his own conception of incarnations and Gods manifestations. As a nameless assumes many names, so does the formless appear in many forms according to the desires of his devotees. One may find him in a stone as sadna did, another in an idol, for he is immanent in all forms and answers to the prayers of all his sincere bhaktas and never lets them down. One can of course, serve the Lord when he appears as a Goodman, a teacher of humanity like Buddha, Christ, Kabir, Guru Nanak, teacher of humanity like Buddha, Christ, Kabir, Guru Nanak, who by their very presence illumine the world. The process of bhaki gradually widens the outlook of a bhakta until he sees the light of his chosen idol pervading everywhere in and around him, and he begins to feel himself expanding with love, till he embraces the entire creation of God. This is the climax to which love brings him. The process was powerfully illustrated in our own time by the life of Sir Ramakrishna. At first he worshiped the Divine Mother as the idol in the Dakshineswar temple, then as the principle that manifested itself in all things good and holy, and finally, as the spirit that pervaded everything, the evil no less than the good, considering even the courtesan as it's manifestation. The stages of the progress of a true bhakta from dualism to monism, from a limited individuality to universality, are traditionally termed as under:

(a) Salokya: The stage where the devotee desires to dwell in the same region as his Beloved.

(b) Sampriya:� The stage where he not only wishes to dwell in same region but also in close proximity to his Beloved.

(d) Sayuja: The final stage when the devotee is content with nothing less than becoming one with the deity.��

When a bhakta has reached the end of his journey, he no longer sees any duality, but beholds the one Deity pervading everything and everywhere. He may continue to speak of it in the manner in which he used to do as, a Father or a Mother, but he no longer knows any difference between that Being and himself, and so we read of Christ saying: �I and my Father are One.�

VII. KARMA YOGA OR THE YOGA OF ACTION

Karma is the essence of existence, whether of man or of God, the Lord of Karma. Karmas rightly performed, in a spirit of service to the Divine, can lead to spiritual emancipation. Karmas or actions are of two kind: good and bad. Good deeds are those which tend to take us nearer to our spiritual goal while the bad deeds are those that take us farther away from it. There is no pleasure higher and more abiding than the one that comes from rediscovering one�s true Self. Which is really finding one�s identity with the world around.� Life in all its forms is characterized by a activity; and change is the law of life. No man can do without action, even for a fraction of a second. Words worth has described this state of perpetual activity thus:

The eye cannot choose but see,

We cannot bid the ear be� still,

Our bodies feel where�er they be

Against or with our will.

This being the case, what one has to do is to sublimate the course of ones actions, from end to end, so that they are purged of the dross of low and mean desires and sensual relationships. The selfless service of mankind is the highest virtue ��Service before self� should then be the guiding principle in one�s life. Since all life springs from God, the fountain of life and Light, life must be made a perpetual dedication unto Him, without any desire for the fruit thereof. Brahmsthiti or establishment in Brahman comes not by renunciation of works (saivyas), but by giving up the desire for the fruits thereof (tyaga). It is not work, but the motive Power behind the work, that binds us and pampers the ego.

Karma, to be the means of moksha or liberation from mind and matter, must satisfy three conditions:

(i) True knowledge of the higher values of life: Life is itself being a continuous principle immanent in all forms of creation and is, therefore, worthy of respect and adoration. This is the realistic aspect of Karma.

(ii) Sincere and loving feeling toward all living creatures from the so-called lowest to the highest. This is the emotional aspect of Karma.

(iii) Karma must be performed with an active will, without fear of punishment or hope of reward. It should, in other words, be spontaneous, flowing automatically from one�s specific Nature (swadharma), i.e., from a sense of duty � work for works sake and not under any restraint or compulsion. Man is not merely a creature of circumstances, but has a will whereby he can modify his environment and direct his own destiny. This is the volitional aspect of Karma.

A man who lives completely for others does not live for himself, nor would he allow his ego to get inflated by thoughts of possessiveness. With his spirit fully detached, a karma yogin lives in complete dissociation from his ordinary self.

He does the talk

Dictated by duty,

Caring nothing

For the fruit of the action

He is a yogi.

BHAGAVAD GITA

In brief, �selfless devotion to duty� is the keynote to success on the path of action. In the performance of duty, one must rise above the sense-objects, the senses, the mind and the intelligent will, so that whatever is done from the fullness of one�s being will be a spontaneous act in the light of the atman, and a righteous action; enabling one to see action in inaction and inaction in action, and to be a still point in the ever-moving wheel of life, which is at once in action and in inaction. In this way, both the �action rightly performed� and action rightly renounced� lead to the same goal, for it is the right understanding of the Nature of action that brings the yogic state.

These then are the three main type of yoga designed and fashioned according to human Nature. Each one receives the mystic call, as one may be inclined temperamentally. To the reflective philosopher gifted with a logical mind, it comes as � �Leave all else and know me.� The spiritual aspirant endowed with an emotional minds get it as �� Leave all else and lose thyself in my love;� while a highly practical and active mind gets the call as � �Leave all else and serve me.�

As has already been said, these three approaches tend to overlap and cannot be wholly separated. Something of the bhakta and the karma yogin is present in the true jnani; something of the janani and Karma yogin in the true bhakta; and something of the jnani and the bhakta in the true Karma yogin. The matter is not one of exclusiveness but of dominant tendency.

VIII. OTHER YOGAS MENTIONED IN THE GITA

Besides these well-known and popular forms, Lord Krishna gives us a few more types as well, with varying shades of distinction between them.

Yoga of Meditation

It is yoga of one-pointed attention, like the �Light of lamp in a windless place.� It is for the self-controlled who can struggle hard. With the mind ever fixed on the atman, a person with the aid of an intelligent will gradually withdraws himself from the distractions of the mind, and finds himself a living and self-luminous soul and ever after moves toward perfection. For this, one has to divest himself of all aspirations, desires, hopes and possessions, and retire to a solitary place to practice control over mind and body.

Yoga of Spiritual Experience

This experience one gains by breaking through the three dimensional egg of gunas: Satva, rajas and tamas, and by transcending the physical and mental states. It comes with the understanding of the true Nature of things, i.e., vivek or discrimination. It's merit it greater than that of the performance of rites and rituals, sacrifices and ceremonials, scriptural studies and chanting of psalms, practice of austerities, and the giving of alms and doing of other charitable deeds, all of which are perforce done on and concerned with the plane of the senses, and cannot take one Beyond.

Yoga of Mysticism

It is a refuge in the Lord by total self-surrender unto him. It comes from knowledge of God�s true Nature and from direct vision. In this way, one frees himself from the good and evil effects of his actions, all of which he performs as an offering at the lotus feet of the Lord.

The Bhagavad-Gita is truly a compendium of the yoga systems prevailing at the time of its exposition, and in fact mentions prevailing at the time of its exposition, and in fact mentions as many as eighteen: Vikhad yoga (Ch. I), sankya yoga (Ch. II), Karma yoga (Ch. III), Gyan �karma �sanyas yoga (Ch. IV), karma sanyas yoga (Ch.V), atma sanjam yoga or dhyan yoga (ch. VI), Gyan vigyan yoga (Ch. VII), akshara brahma yoga (Ch. VIII),� Raja vidya raj guhya yoga (Ch. IX), vibhuti yoga ((Ch. X) , vishva rup darshan (Ch. XI), bhakti yoga (Ch. XII), kshestra kehetragya vibhag yoga (Ch. XIII), gun trai vibhag yoga (Ch. IV), purshottam yoga (Ch. XV) , Devasura sampad vibhag yoga (Ch. XVI) , shradha trai vibhag yoga (Ch. XVII) , and moksha sanyas yoga (Ch. XVIII).

From the above analysis, it is clear that the distinctions drawn between the various aspects of the yoga system ate illustrative rather of the human minds habit of looking at the same thing in different ways, then of any inherit different facets of the same subjects, and they often overlap and interpenetrate each other. If one studies the gita closely enough, one will begin to see that while Lord Krishna speaks of different� yogas to harmonize with varying human approaches to the divine, the practices esoteric that accompanies them is the same. When he initiates arjuna into the mystic science, he opened his divya chakshu or third eye, and it was only subsequently that the prince could behold him in his universal form or visva roopa (Ch. XI). Finally, as Guru, the great royal yogi told him to leave all else and surrender himself completely to Him; sarva dharman parityajya mam ekam sharnam vraja (Ch. XVIII). Further hints of the inner path are not lacking in the gita; thus in chapter I, we are told that at the very outset the Lord sounded the five melodied conch. But in the absence of a teacher who has himself practically mastered the science, we tend to treat it either on the level of intellectual discussion or that of ritual chanting, thus missing it's inner� import.

It may be noted that the dualistic assumption characterizes the first stages not only of bhakti yoga, but of all the other types of yoga, as well. They begin by distinguishing the jiva from the Brahman; one imperfect, finite and limited, and the other perfect, infinite and limitless. Creation itself is the product of two principles, the positive and the negative: sat and sato in the purely spiritual world, purush and prakriti at the higher reaches of brahmand, brahma and shakti in midbrahmand, kal and maya still lower and jyoti and niranjan at the bottom of the brahmand. It is the union of these, whatever the stage, that brings the various forms into manifested, from the minutes atom to the largest universe. The term Brahman itself comes from two roots: vireh which denotes growth or expansion, and manna which connotes cognition. The process of creation is one in which the unity projects itself into dualistic and pluralistic forms, and the way backs through the reverse process from duality and plurality forms, and the way back is through the reverse process from duality and plurality to unity. But so long as a person remains in the body, he cannot, according to the yogins, be always in a state of samadhi or union with the adi purush the primal being. The yoga system therefore believes in vedeh mukti, or final liberation only after death. Again , the highest heaven of the yogins is Sahasrar, the region of the thousand �petaled lights , and that of the Yogiswars� is Trikuti, the headquarters of the Brahmand, the origin or the� egg� of Brahman itself . Most of the prophets of the world descend from this region, which is a half �way house between the physical and the purely spiritual realms, and at times refer to the Beyond as par Brahm only . The path of the Saints and the Master's however, goes Beyond these , for they speak definitely of Sat Lok, the abode of the True One, the realm of pure spirit, and of regions even Beyond thereto: Alakh ,Agam� and Anami

IX. YOGA IN THE ZOROASTRIAN SCRIPTURES

It will be of interest to know that we have, in the Gathas of Zoroaster, a five- fold system of the Beatific Union with Ahura Mazda, which corresponds closely to the yogic systems like Jnana, Bhakti ,Karma, etc., that we have been examining . We quote in extenso from practical Metaphysics of Zoroastrian scholar.

(i) Gatha Ahura Vaiti � The path of Divine knowledge:

Look within with the penetrating enlightened mind and search out the truth for personal self so as to over power the base self and gross physical selfish egoism, akeen, by the evolution of the better and higher self, vahyo, and ultimately to realize the best, Absolute Being (vahisht Ahura), and the highest self, of Ahura Mazda or the Ultimate Reality of the Universe, Asha Vahishta.

The polarity of the �Better and the Base,� the primordial, spiritual subtlety and the grossest inerta, is created by the twin spirit forces: the unfolding (spento) and the straightening (angoo), produced by Mazda. Both the Life and the Matter produced by the harmonious coalescence of these twin spirit forces, evolve toward perfection by their related activity.

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The above is the metaphysical path of spiritual Knowledge, as give by the Gath Ahura Vaiti (Refer jnana Yoga).

(iii) Gatha Ushta Vaiti- the path of Love and Devotion:

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�The path of Armaiti, Divine Love and Devotion, acquired by steadfast attachment to the Truthful Beloved Master Ratu Zarathustra. Considering the Beloved Master, connected with the All � pervading, Infinite Reality, as all in all, the alpha and the omega, the devotee remains detached from and unentangled with worldly attachments, and procures the divine love, which seeks and cherishes the Beatific Union with the All-pervading Reality after Creator Ahura Mazda.

Thus proclaims Ratu Zarathustra in this Gatha:

Thus Ireveal the word, which the most Unfolded one has taught me,

The word which is the Best for the mortals to listen;

Whosoever shall render obedience and steadfast

attention unto me, will attain for one�s own self,

the All embracing whole Being and Immortality;

And through the service of the Holy Divine Spirit

Will realize Mazda Ahura.

(Ha) . 45-8- Refer Bhakti Yoga)

(iii)�� Gatha SPENTA Mainyu � the path of selfless service:

Selfless service is rendered for the furtherance,

Growth and benevolence of the entire Universe and all living being s therein:

The Unitive knowledge is best for men since their birth,

Let the selfless service be rendered for our sublimation.��

(Ha). 8:5)

we must sacrifice the finite self , ego or individuality at the altar of benevolent, philanthropic service of the entire Universe, in order to acquire the Infinite vision of the Unity of Life and the immanence of the All- pervading Reality through the worship of Ahura Mazda, the Creator, source, and Ultimate Goal of all.

The Gatha ends with the soul � strirring axiom of life:

The Most � sublimating, Ennobling will or volition is that of righteous service.

Which the Creator of the individualized existence culminates with the Enlightened super mind.

(Refer Karma yoga)

(iv) Gatha Vahu � Khshetra or the path of self � Mastery:

By controlling the base mental propensities and mean tendencies of physical nature, through the sublimation of the volition power, aspiring to the Divine Kingdom of the communion of the All- loving and All- pervading Ahura Mazda, the self � mastery is attained with calm and composed mind.

The Holy Self � mastery is the most sustaining absolute sovereignty.

By introspecting worshipful service, it is procured in wardly through the All- pervading Reality,

O Mazda! Let us achieve that best now.

(Ha) .51: 1 � Refer Raja Yoga)

(v) Next we have the Gatha of Vanishto Ishtish, which deals with the Path of self � sublimation. It consists in physical, mental and spiritual culture by cultivation of higher and nobler qualities of head and heart, in trying to realize one�s true self in relation to the Highest Self of Ahura Mazda, and in dedicating the finite self and relative being to Ahura Mazda.

The life on earth is a great sacrifice, Yajna (yagna) � the voluntary sacrifice of self for the well- being of one� s fellow beings

It is in self � sublimation that all human endeavors ultimately end, and in fact, it is the objective to which all the paths as described above lead. Without true knowledge of the paths as described above lead. Without true knowledge of the twin spirit forces, the great cause, and selfless service, one cannot master the self � assertive self within him so as to rise above body � consciousness, and thus prepare himself for the spiritual path that lies ahead.

In Zoroastrian philosophy, the twin principles, or the � Better and Base spirit forces,� is the fundamental law of the relative existence for evoution of life, from the grossest base to the better and higher stages of spirituality, right up to realizing the infinite goodness and supreme benevolence of the A bsolute Being Beyond them. With out this polarity of the Better and the Base, the best of the Absolute Beyond can never be realized and Impersonal Supreme Being cannot be comprehended:

Indeed unto one� s self as the best of all,

The Self- Radiant person shall impart Self � enlightenment,

So that, O Omniscient Mazda, thou shalt reveal Thyself,

Through thy Most Benevolent spirit, and shall grant

The Blissful wisdom of the Divine Mind,

Through the All- pervading Reality.

-GATHA USHTAVAITI

In the Venidad, the supreme, the Supreme Ahura Mazda assures us, thus:

In deed Ishall not allow the Twin opposite spriit forms to stand in contest against the superman who is advancing toward the Best Absolute Being .

The stars, moon and sun, O Zarathustra, praise such a person;

I praise him, I the creator Ahura Mazda,

Hail of Beatitude unto thee,

O Superman! Thou who hast come from the perishable place to the Imperishable.

-VENIDAD

X. YOGA AND OUTER SCIENCES

Having discussed in some detail the various methods of yoga, we may in conclusion, remind ourselves of the true warning sounded by Shankara:

The three- fold path; the path of the world, the path of desires, and the path of scriptures, far from giving the knowledge of Reality, keeps one perpetually bound in the prison �house of the Universe. Deliverance comes only when one frees himself from this iron chain.

Liberation cannot be achieved except by the perception of the identity of the individual spirit with the Universal spirit. It can be achieved neither by yoga, nor by Sankhya, nor by the practice of religious ceremonies, nor by mere learning.

- SANKARACHARYA

To bring up to date Shankara�s message that True knowledge is a matter of direct perception and not mere ceremony, ritual or inference, we may add that it cannot come through the outer sciences either. The discoveries of the modern physical sciences have indeed been spectacular, and have confirmed many O the views about the Nature of the cosmos and of existence voiced by the yogic systems. They have established, Beyond doubt, that everything in the universe is relative, and that all forms are fundamentally brought into existence by the interplay of positive and negative energies. These discoveries have led some to presume that physical sciences can and will lead us to the same knowledge that yogins in the past sought through yoga; that science will replace yoga and make it irrelevant.

A blind man, though he may not be able to see the sun, may yet feel it's heat and warmth. His awareness of some phenomenon which he cannot directly perceive, may lead him to devise and perform a series of experiments in order to know it's Nature. These experiments may yield him a lot of valuable data. He may be able to chart more accurately, perhaps than the normal man, the course of the sun, it's seasonal changes and the varying intensity of it's radiation. But can all this knowledge that he has gathered be a substitute for a single moment�s opportunity to view the sun directly for himself?

As with the blind man and the man of normal vision, so too with the scientist and the yogin. The physical sciences may yield us a lot of valuable, indirect knowledge of the Universe and it's Nature, but this knowledge can never take the place of the direct perception, for just as the blind man�s inferential knowledge cannot get at the sun�s chief attribute which is Light, so too the scientist in the laboratory cannot get at the cosmic energy�s chief attribute, which is Consciousness. This consciousness can only be attained through the inner science, the science of yoga, which by opening our inner eye, bring us face to face with the cosmic reality. He whose inner eye has been opened, no longer needs to rely on spiritual hearsay, the assertions of his teacher, or mere philosophic or scientific inferences. He sees God for himself and that exceeds all proof. He can say with Christ, �Behold of Lord!� or with Guru Nanak, �The Lord or Nanak is visible everywhere,� or with Sri Ramakrishna, �I see Him just as I see you � only very much more intensely� (When replying to Naren � as Vivekananda was then known � on his very first visit, in answer to his question: �Master, have you seen God?�).

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Chapter five

Surat Shabd Yoga

The Yoga Of The Celestial Sound Current

In the foregoing section of the study of this study, we have seen how it has been taught since time immemorial by the Indian sages that behind the apparent self of which we are conscious in everday existence, the self that shirks pain and seeks pleasure, that changes from moment to moment and is subject to the effect of time and space, there is the permanent �Self,� the Atman. This Atman forms the basic reality, the final substance, the essence of essences, and it is in the light of it's being that all else assumes meaning. Likewise, we have seen how the Indian mystics have analyzed the Nature of the universe. Seen from the surface, our world appears to be a queer composition of contradictory elements. Faced with these contradictions, man is compelled to look for a creator who holds the opposing forces in balance and represents permanence behind the flux of existence. But as he penetrates deeper and still deeper, he discovers that the contradiction are only still deeper, he discovers that the contradictions are only apparent, not real: that far from being opposed in Nature, they are differentiated manifestation of the same power, and that they are not even �manifestations� properly so called, but are illusions of the ignorant mind which are dispelled in the light of realization when one begins to know that the ocean is changeless though it appears to change.

These two insights are basic to Indian thought, and on closer examination will be seen to be not separate, but one. The recognition of the true Nature of existence of Paramatman the Brahman; while the understanding of the Nature of Paramatman or Brahman implies an understanding of the Atman. If behind the changing, time-ridden self, there be an eternal, changeless and timeless One, and if behind the flux of mutability of the creation as we normally know it, there be an Absolute Immutable Reality, then the two must be related and must in fact be identified. How can there be two absolutes? How can the Atman be distinct from the Brahman, when all that is, is only a projection of Brahman?

The moment we realize these truths about the Nature of self and Overself, or the One Truth about the Nature of Reality, the problem that inevitably poses itself is: why do we in everyday existence experience the world in terms of duality and plurality, feeling ourselves separate from each other and from the life in general, and what may be the means for transcending this unnecessary constriction of ourselves and merging into the ocean of consciousness that is our essential state? The answer to the first part of this question has been that the spirit, in it's downward descent, gets enveloped in fold upon fold of mental and material apparatus which compel it to experience life in terms of their limitations, until, no longer conscious of it's own inherent Nature, the soul identifies itself with their realm of time and space � nam-rup-prapanch. The answer to the second part has been that the soul can bear witness to itself, provided it can divest itself of it's limiting adjuncts. The many forms and variations of yoga that we have examined are no more than the various method evolved for accomplishing this process of disentanglement or spiritual involution.

The one recurring theme in the teaching of all great rishis and mystics has been that their insights are based

on inherited learning, philosophical speculation or logical reasoning, but on first-hand inner experience or anubhava � a word whose lucidity of expressiveness defies translation. They explain that seeming difference are not because of any contradiction inherent in what they say, but because men vary greatly in temperament, and what is possible for the man of a cultured and refined intelligence is impossible for the unsophisticated peasant, and vice versa. Various rivers may wend through different plains, but they all reach the sea. Patanjali�s eightfold path is the first major attempt to correlate the many available avenues into a single coherent system for spiritual reintegration. Later rishis and teachers derived much guidance from him, but their teaching implicitly embody the recognition that his system is too exacting and tends to deny spiritual attainment to the average man. furthermore, it is so complex that for the majority of sadhaks (aspirants) it is likely to become a maze in which they lose their way and mistake the intermediate goals for the final destination. And so, while mantra yoga, laya yoga, Hatha Yoga and especially Raja Yoga carry on Patanjali�s tradition in modified forms, there emerges three other major forms that represent, in contrast to the Asthanga Marg, a great simplification and specialization. The Jnana Yogin, the Karma yogin or the bhakta no longer need to retire from the world or undergo exacting psycho-phisical disciplines. Each approaches the goal from a particular angle and reaches it by sheer purposeful concentration.

The end of all yoga, as Shankara clarified, is absorption into the Brahman. All the path therefore aim at samadhi, in which state such experience can be attained. But if patanjalis system and it's derivatives have certain serious drawbacks, it is a question whether the three other major forms are wholly without them. If for the karma yogin freedom lies through detachment and desireless, is it possible for him to be completely free? Does he not seek emancipation in following his path, and is not that itself a form of desire? Besides it is psychologically possible for the human mind to detach itself completely from it's normal field of experience without first anchoring itself in another and higher one? It is universal characteristic of man that he seeks kinship with source of all his great achievements. The child is bound to his toys, and the adult to family and society. As in the case of a child, you may not without harm deprive him of his play things until he has outgrown them psychologically, likewise to expect the sadhak to give up his social family attachments without first outgrowing them by discovering something greater and larger, is to cut at the root of life. it will not bring progress but regression, for the man who undertakes it as an enforced discipline only succeeds in repressing his natural desires. The result is not the enhancement of consciousness but it's numbing and atrophy, not detachment but indifference. This, as Mr. T.S. Eliot has pointed out, �differed completely� from both �attachment� and �detachment,� resembling

. . . .the others as death resembles life, being between two lives � unflowering, between the live and the dead nettle.

The discipline of karma yoga is a necessary one, but if it is to fulfill it's end it must be completed by another discipline of an esoteric kind, without which it tends to reduce itself to an ineffectual attempt to lift oneself up by one�s shoestrings.

As for the Jnana yogin, jnana may carry him very far indeed. It may take him beyond the gross physical plane into the spiritual ones. But can jnana carry him beyond itself? And if Jnana, which as we have seen, forms one of the koshas that encompass the atman, albeit a very rarefied one, how can it then give the soul absolute freedom? Jnana is the help and yet it may prove to be the hindrance. It has indubitably the power to rid the soul of all encumbrances grosser than itself, but having reached thus far it tends to clog further progress. And since it is not of the true essence of the soul, the Absolute, it cannot be wholly above the reach of Kala or time, Kala and Mahakala, thus: the first of these extends over the physical world and the less gross regions immediately above it, whereas the second stretches to all the higher planes that are not of pure spirit. Hence, the gains that the jnani achieves may be out of the reach of time as we normally conceive it (Kala), but they are not wholly Beyond the reach of greater time (Mahakala). It need hardly be pointed out that what is true of Nature of the Atman, and as such cannot lead It to a state of Absolute Purity, Beyond the realm of relativity.

Besides it's inability to ensure absolute freedom, Jnana Yoga is not a path accessible to the average man. it demands extra ordinary intellectual powers and stamina which few possess. It was to meet this difficulty as itself , that� Bhaki Yoga came into prominence. He who normally would not be able to detach himself from� the world nor had the mental powers to analyse or bridge the true self from the untrue could by the power of love leap or bridge the gap and reach the goal. But how can man love that which has neither form nor shape? So the bhakta anchors himself in the love of some Isht � deva, some definite manifestation of God. But in overcoming this practical difficulty he exposes himself to the same limitations as� the jnani. The chosen Isht � deva by it's very nature represents a limitation upon the Nameless and Formless Absolute . And even if the bhakta reaches the level of that manifestation, can that limited being take him Beyond itself to that which has no limitation?

A study of lives of the prominent exponents of this system clarifies the point. Ramanuja, the well-know mystic of the Middle Ages , failed to apprehend what in Indian philosophy is known as the school of vasisht advaita , i. E., that the Atman can reach Iahwar ( God as the manifested creator of the Universe ) , and can get saturated with cosmic consciousness, but it can never become one with Him . what to say then of reaching God as the Unmanifested,� Nameless Brahman? The experience of Sri Ramakrishna in our own time once again bring out. this limitation . He had always been a worshiper of the Divine Mother and she often blessed him with her visions. But he always perceived her as something other then himself , as a power outside himself and one for whose operation he could often become a medium, but in which he could not merge himself, when he subsequently met Totapuri, an advaita� sanyasin, he realized that he must or form and where the Self and the Overself became one. When he attempted to enter into such a state he discovered that his earlier attainments became a hurdle in spit of all his efforts . He tell us:

I could not cross the realm of name and from and bring my mind to the unconditioned state . I had no difficulty in withdrawing my mind from all objects except one, and this was the all too familiar form of the Blissful Mother �radiant and of the essence of pure consciousness- which appeared before me as a living reality and would not again I tried to concentrate my mind upon the advaita teachings , but every time the Mother�s form stood in my way .�� In despair I said to �the naked one� (his Master Toapuri ),� � It is hopeless. I cannot raise my mind to the unconditioned state and come face to face with the� Atman.� He grew excited and sharply said, �what� !� you can �t do it ? But you have to .� He cast his eyes around for something and finding a piece of glass he took it up and pressing it's point between my eyebrows said, � concentrate your mind on this point.� Then with stern determination I again Sat to meditate, and as soon as the gracious form of the Divine Mother appeared before me, I used my discrimination� as a sword and with it severed it into two . There remained no more obstruction to my mind , which at once soared Beyond the relative plane, and I lost myself in samadhi .*

It is clear therefore that while the bhakta can go very far spiritually , can greatly enhance his consciousness, gain miraculous powers , and anchored in a higher love rise above the love of this world , it is nevertheless not possible for him to get Beyond the plane of � name and form ,� and therefore of relativity . He may get lost in the contemplation of the Godhead with His amazing attributes ,� but he cannot experience the same in it's Nirguna� and it's Anami , it's � unconditioned� and Nameless� state . He can feel himself saturated with cosmic consciousness, but it come to him as something outside him- self as a gift of grace, and he is not able to lose himself in it and become one with the Ocean of Being . If he does seek to attain that state , his accomplishment as a bhakta, instead of helping him further , tends to hinder and obstruct him .

The two thing that emerge from an examination of the popular forms of yoga that were evolved after Patanjali are: first that soul can rise above physical consciousness, given means whereby it can focus it's energies, without recourse to the arduous control of can focus it's energies, without recourse to the arduous control of pranas, and second that full spiritual realization the physical ( though that is necessary as first step ) , but is the end of a complex inner journey in which there are many intermediate stages the attainment of which , under certain conditions, may be mistaken for the final goal and may thus debar further progress. The problem that arises before the true seeker in the face of such a situation is to� discover� a means other that that of pranas, jnana, , or bhakti of an Isht � deva, as not only to enable the spirit � currents to be released from their present upward unhindered from one spiritual plane to another� until it transcends completely all the realms of relativity of naam and rup , of kala and mahakala, and reaches it's goal : at � one ment with the Nameless and Formless one.

The Sound current

It is in the context of this problem that surat Shabd Yoga, or the yoga of the celestial Sound Current , assumes it's unique importance. Those who have mastered this yoge teach that the Absolute , though free of attributes in It's primal state , projects itself into from and assumes two primary attributes: Light and Sound. It Is no mere accident, they point out , that are frequent references to the� �word� which occupies a central position in their pattern. In the Gospels we have:

In the beginning was the word and the word was

with God� and the word was God . ��

- ST. John ��

In ancient Indian scriptures we read repeatedly of Aum , the sacred word pervading the three realms of bhur, bhuva and swah ( i.e., the physical , astral and causal ).

Again , Nanak says:

The earth and sky are of naught but Shabd (word).

From Shabd alone the light� was born,

From Shabd alone creation came,

Shabd is the essential core in all.

Shabd is the directive agent of God , the cause of all creation.

- PRABHATI

The Muslim Sufis declare :

Creation came into being from saut ( sound or word )

and from saut spread all light .

- SHAMAS TABREZ

The Great Name is the very essence and life of all

names and forms .��

it's manifest form sustains creation;

it is the great ocean of which we are merely the waves,

He alone can Comprehend� this who has mastered or discipline.

- ABDUL RAZAQ KASHI

Moses heard the commandments of God amidst thunder and flame , while in Zoroastrian and Taoist thought alike there and to the � creative verbum ,�� the Divine Light,� �� and� to� the �wordless Word,� the silent word.

Some learned scholars and theologians in subsequent time, because of their own limited experience , have interpreted these descriptions as metaphoric� reference, to intuitive or intellectual enlightenment. On closer examination such a position will be found to be untenable . the terms � word � or Logos as used by the Greeks , Hebrews and Europeans, may be distorted to mean � reason � or � order,� and �light� may even be made to� mean � reason � or � order,� and light,� may be distorted to mean � reason�� or � order,�� and �light,� may even be distorted to mean � reason�� or � order,� and light,� may even be distorted to mean no more than mental illumination, but their equivalents in other religious literature- ned , udgit , akash- bani , Shabd, Naam, saut , bang �I � Ilahi , nida -Asmani, srasha, tao , and jyoti, prakash ,tajalli, nur�yazdani, ect., refuse to bear such a travesty of their original mystic meaning . what is more ,some seers have stated their real connotation in such a way that there can be no scope for equivocation or room for doubt that what is involved is not figurative expression of ordinary mental experience, but transcendent inner perception . thus in the Revelation of St John we have:

His eyes were as a flame of fire � His� voice as the sound of many waters

��His countenance was as the sun shineth in his strength

And I heard a voice from heaven , as the voice of

Many waters, and as the voice of a great thunder:

And I heard the voice of harpers, harping with their harps.

While in the Upanishads we are told:

�First the murmuring sound resembling those of the

Waves of the ocean , the fall of rain and them running

rivulets, after which the bhervi will be heard, inter-

mingled with the sounds of bell and conch .

- NAD BINDUPANISHAD

The Prophet Mohammed heard celestial music which gradually assumed the shape of Gabriel and formed itself into words; while Baha U� llah relates:

Myriads of mystic tongues find utterance in one

Speech , and myriads of His hidden mysteries are

Revealed in a single melody ;yet also , there is no ear

To hear nor heart to understand!

Blind thine eyes , that thou mayest behold My

Beauty , and stop thine ears that thou mayest hearken

Unto the sweet melody of My voice.

These references to Light and sound , say the Master's of the Surat Shabd Yoga, are not figurative but literal, referring not� to the outer illumination or sound s of this world , but to inner transcendent ones. They teach� that the transcendent Sound and Light are the primal manifestations of God when He projects Himself into creation. In His Nameless state He is neither light nor darkness, neither sound nor silence, but when He assumes shape and form , Light and Sound emerge as His primary attributes.

This spirit force, Word, Naam, Kalma or God- in � action , is responsible for all that is and the physical universe that we know are not all that is, and the physical universe that we know are not the only ones� that It� has created. It has brought into being myriad regions and myriad creations over and above the physical. Indeed the whole the positive pole ( sach khand or Satguru Lok ) is a plane of pure, unalloyed spirit ,while the Negative pole ( pind ) is of gross� physical matter with which we in this world are familiar . In between are countless regions which those who have journeyed from one end to the other often divide into three distinct planes in accordance� with the balance of positive � spiritual and Negative � material forces in each plane .

The Master's teach that the one constant principle that links all these planes from pure spirit to gross matter is the principle of the flaming sound or the sounding flame . The word or Shabd� as it descends downward assumes a varying density of spirituo-material forces. Mystics speak of the purple light and the light of the noonday or setting sun, and refer to the sounds of flutes, harps, violins, conches, thunder , bells running water, etc., but though manifesting differently at different levels the Shabd yet remains constant in Itself .

As a river springing from the snowy peak of a towering mountain flows toward the sea, it undergoes� many changes of setting , motion and appearance , and it's waters remain the same.

If one could discover this audible life- stream with oneself, if one could discover this audible life � stream within oneself , if one could discover this audible life- stream within oneself, if one could discover its lower reaches, one could use it as a pathway leading inevitably to it's source. The currents might at certain points enter gorges and rapids, but rapids, but nevertheless they are the surest way on the upward journey. Be a range howsoever unscalable, the waters will have cut a pass and� carved a passage, and he who will avail himself of their guidance would never fail to find a way. And since this Naam or word current springs from the Anaam or the wordless, he who holds firmly to it will inevitably reach the� starting point, transcending plane after plane of varying relativity until he arrives at the very source of name and form;� thence to merge into That which has no name or form.

The cornerstones

The sound Current undoubtedly offers the surest way to man for reaching from� form to the Formless, but the question arises, how can man get access to It and thus accomplish his inner journey? Those proficient in this path always maintain that there are three conditions that must be fulfilled before success in this truest through of all yogas can be attained:

Satguru: The first condition is that of finding a� satguru or true teacher who is an adept in this mystic science. The subject is one of practical self � realization, not of philosophic dissertation or intuitive feeling. If it were one of mere theory, then books and scriptures would be enough for our purpose, and if it were one of mere feeling then each could trust the prompting of his own mind. But the question before us is� that of unlocking a � sixth� sense , one of direct transcendental perception , of inner hearing and seeing . One born deaf and blind may , with the help� of Brail , learn the most detailed expositions of man�s rich and varied audio- visual experience , but his study can never give him direct experience. The most that he can get from books is the realization of an extensive plane of experience wholly� Beyond� him, and this can generate in him the urge to discover means whereby he can overcome his physical limitations. It is the expert surgeon or doctor who alone can effects a cure ( provided his ailment is curable ). And should he fall into the hands of a charlatan , his condition will only become worse and more complicated.

In like manner , the aspirant who has seeks inner spiritual mastery must seek the aid of one who has already mastered the way . All his readings of scriptures, all his thinking , can at best lead to a single conclusion, provided he is sensitive to the point involved : the need for a living Master. Without such a master he cannot even understand the true import of the� revelatory scriptures. They speak� of experience Beyond his level of experience, and even in his own language they can only speak in metaphors and parables, for how can the discourses of the blind be made to express directly that of the seeing? To attempt to interpret the rich spiritual heritage in our religious literature wholly in terms of our own limited experience might lead to a distortion of the true meaning. We might gather a lead of psychological wisdom, but the inner significance would be lost on us, and all of our intellectual theorizing would only land us in unending theological contradiction with which the various institutionalized religions are encumbered today.

Only one who has himself experienced what the great scriptures describe, can guide us to their real significance. But the task of a spiritual teacher does not end there. The elucidation of the true meaning of the religions is no more than a first step. After the aspirant has understood the Nature of his goal, he must pursue it practically and rationally. To know is one thing, and to do is quite another. It is only after he has explained to the aspirant the end to be attained that the Master�s real task begins. It is not enough that the doctors diagnoses the cause of the blind man�s ailment, he must perform the operation as well. So too the spiritual guide at the time of initiation gives the disciple a first-hand experience of the inner Light and sound. He puts him into touch with the Divine Stream, be it at it's lowest level, and instructs him in the sadhnas to be followed for consolidating and developing this inner experience to it's full extent.

He who can find such a teacher is blessed indeed. But to discover such a one and be initiated by him is not enough. The germinal spiritual experience that he gives must be nurtured and developed to the point of full spiritual efflorescence. To be able to do this, one must accept whatever one learns and attempts to put it into practice. To know such a man is to love him, and to love him is to follow his commandments. Until one can thus love and obey, and so transform one�s life, the gift of the Guru remains as a seed locked away in a steel vault where it cannot sprout and grow to fruition.

Sadachar: It is the necessity for self-discipline that makes sadachar the second cornerstone of the pattern. The word Sadachar is not easy to translate. One can find many literal equivalents, but none of them really expresses it's extensive and many sided significance. In brief, it stands for the good and pure life. it does not imply any rigid code or set moral formulae, but suggests purity and simplicity, which radiate from within and spread outward, permeating every action, every words, every thought. It is as much concerned with ones personal habits, good and hygienic, as with one�s individual� and social ethics. And on it's ethical side, it is concerned not merely with ones relation to ones fellow men but to all living things, i.e., harmony which is the result of recognition that all things are from the same essence, and so a worm is as much a part of Brahman as the mightiest of Gods, Indra.

The first lesson taught by a true Guru is that of �the Identity of substance,� and he who has grasped this truth will discipline his life accordingly. He will not be a prey to inordinate desires, and his one aim will be to reach the point which holds in itself all actions, the point where to have nothing is to possess everything. He will know that the one path to fulfillment is through renunciation, and the one way to reach the Almighty is through freeing himself from all other attachment:

In order to arrive at having pleasure in everything,

Desire to have pleasure in nothing.

In order to arrive at possessing everything,

Desire to possess nothing.

In order to arrive at being everything,

Desire to be nothing.

- ST. John of the Cross

Cleanse the chamber of thy heart

That thy beloved may enter

- TULSI SAHIB

Where there is nothing, there is God.

- W.B. YEATS��

��

Freed from the demon of desire (kama), he will be freed from the demon of wrath (krodh), which follows upon frustration of desire. Liberated from these, he would be freed also from greed (lobh), attachment (moh) and pride (ahankar), which are but the extensions of desire.

His would be a life of detachment or of nishkama. But detachment would not be for him a life of indifference or of ascetic renunciation. To know all life is to discover a new bond between oneself and the rest of creation. He who know this cannot be merely �indifferent.� He must perforce be filled to overflowing with sympathy for all that he confronts, and sympathy for all that he confronts, and sympathy towards the whole must imply a certain holy indifference to the part. He will be no longer be tied to his own narrow individual� interests, but will share his love and resources with all. He will develop, slowly but surely, something of the compassion of the Buddha and the love of Christ. Nor will he feel himself called upon to leave the world for the solitude of the forest, the mountain or the desert cave. The detachment must be an inner one, and one who cannot achieve it at home will not achieve it in the forest. He will recognize the great use of occasional retreats from worldly affairs and cares to the silence of solitary meditation and concentration, but he will not seek to escape from life and it's responsibilities. He will be a loving husband and a good Father, but while being these he will never forget the ultimate purpose of life, always knowing how to give unto Caesar that which is Caesar�s, and preserving for God that which is Gods. The way for transcending desire, he will know, is not through repressing it but meeting it squarely and overcoming it. to him, sanyasa is not a matter of outer evasion or escapism but of inner freedom, an idea that is well expressed by Nanak thus:

Let contentment be your ear-rings,

And endeavors for the Divine and respect for the

Higher self your wallet,

And constant meditation on him your ashes,

Let preparedness for death be your cloak,

And let your body be like unto a chaste virgin.

Let your Master's teachings be your supporting

Staff.

- Jap Ji

The two cardinal virtues that such man will cultivate will be charity and chastity. He will be large of heart and bounteous, caring more for the suffering of others than for his own, and easily forgiving those that injure him. He will be simple and restrained in his habits. His wants will be few and easily satisfied, for one who has too many desires and too many attachments cannot be pure of heart .For him chastity will extend even to giving up meat and drink. When all life is one, to live upon the flesh of other living beings would be to defile . And when one�s goal is to attain even higher realms of consciousness ,to resort to narcotics and intoxicants is only to court regression. It is not an idiosyncracy of Indian seers that they should have made abstinence from meat and drink a necessary part of the spiritual disciple. We have similar injunctions in the Koran and the Holy Bible. Thus in Proverbs 23:20, we find:

Be not among winebibbers; among riotous eaters of flesh.

And in Romans 14:21:

It is good neither to eat flesh, nor drink wine, nor anything whereby thy brother stumbleth, or is offended, or is mad weak.

And in Corinthinans 6: 13:

Meats for the belly, and belly for meat; but God shall destroy both it and them. Now the body is not for fornication but for the Lord; and the Lord for the body.

In the Essence of Gospel of John (direct Translation from the Aramaic of the pure original words of Jesus), we have:

But they answered Him: �Whither should we go, Master . . . .� for with you are the words of eternal life. tell us, what are the sins we must shun, that we may never more see disease?�

Jesus answered: �Be it so according to your faith,� and he sat down them, saying:

�It was said to them of olden time, �Honor thy Heavenly Father and they Earthly Mother, and their commandments, that thy days may be long upon the earth.� And next was given this commandment: �Thou shalt not kill,� for life is given to all by God, and that which God has given, let not man take away. For I tell you truly, from one Mother proceeds all that lives upon the earth. Therefore he who kills, kills his brother. And form him will the Earthly Mother turn away, and will pluck from him her quickening breasts. And will be shunned by her angels, and Satan will have his dwelling in his body. And the flesh of slain beast in his body will become his own tomb. For I tell you truly, he who kills, kills himself and whosoever eats the flesh of slain beasts, eats of the body of death. And their death will become his death. For the wages of sin is death. Kill not, neither eat the flesh of your innocent prey, lest you become the slave of Satan. For that is the path of suffering, and it leads unto death. But do the will of God, that his angels may serve you on the way of life. Obey, therefore, they words of God: �Behold, I have given you every herb, bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree, in which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed; to you it shall be for meat. And to every beast of the earth, and to every fowl of the air, and to everything that creepeth upon the earth wherein there is breath of life, I give every green herb for meat.� Also the milk of everything that moveth and that liveth upon each shall be meat for you; even as the green herb have I given unto them, so I give their milk unto you. But flesh, and the blood which quickens it, shall ye not eat.�

And Jesus continued: �God commanded your forefathers, � Thou shalt not kill.� But their heart was hardened and they killed. Then moses desired that at least they should not kill men, and he suffered them to kill beasts. And then the heart of your forefathers was hardened yet more, and they killed men and beasts likewise. But I say to you: Kill neither men, nor beasts, nor yet the food which goes into your mouth. For if you eat living food the same will quicken you, but if you kill you food, the dead food will kill you also. For life comes only from life, and from death comes always death. For everything which kills your foods, kills your bodies also. And everything which kills your bodies, kills your souls also. And your bodies become what your foods are, even as your spirits, likewise, become what your thoughts are.�

With the chastity in food and drink will go another kind of chastity, the one that pertains to sex. One will not surpass all sexual desire, for repression can only breed neurosis and prepare the way for a downfall, but he will be ever seeking to sublimate it. he will understand that natures purpose in this instinct is to preserve the race and will channel it so as to fulfill that purpose, never making it an end in itself, a source of physical pleasure, for when it becomes that, it turns into a drug that anaesthetizes the spirit and begins to defeat natures purpose of procreation by encouraging the invention and use of contraceptives.

In short, the sincere and conscientious aspirant will reorient his entire mode of life, in eating and drinking, thinking, acting feeling, etc. He will gradually weed out of his mind all irrelevant and unhealthy desires, until he gradually attains the state of purity and simplicity that marks the child.

Verily I say unto you, except ye be converted and become as little children, ye shall not enter into the kingdom of God.

- ST. MATTHEW��

All religious teachers the world over, laid great stress on higher moral values, and these fact, constitute the groundwork for their teachings. A true Master always insist on maintaining of a record of daily lapses in thought, word and deed, from non-injury, truth, chastity, universal love and self-service of all, the five cardinal virtues that pave the way for spiritual. It is only the knowledge of our faults that can make us weed them out and strive in the right direction.

Through all this process of reintegration, his inspiration will be the example of his Master and the inner experience he gives. His Master�s life will be a living testament beckoning him toward the ideal of sadachar, and the experience he has of the word within will stand as a proof of the truth of what his Master teaches. Sadachar is no dry discipline that can be attained by following certain set formulae. It is a way of life, and in such matters only heart to heart can speak. It is this that makes Satsang, or association with a true Master, so important. It not only serves as a constant reminder of the goal before the seeker but through the magic touch of personal contact, gradually transform his entire mode of thinking and feeling. As his heart and mind under this benign influence grow gradually purer, his life more fully centers in the divine. In short, as he increasingly realizes in practice the ideal of sadachar, his thoughts, now scattered and dissipated, will gain equipoise and integration till they arrive at so fine a focus that the veils of inner darkness are burnt to cinder and the inner glory stands revealed.�

Sadhna : And now we come to third cornerstone of the spiritual edifice , that of spiritual sadhna or discipline. The one recurrent that of a puran� guru or perfect teacher, is That the good life, though highly desirable and indispensable , is that an end in itself . The goal of life is something inner and different. It is an ascension from the plane of relativity and physical existence into one of absolute Being . He who recognizes this will mould his life accordingly , first, being free from ego and attachment, expresses itself in virtuous and creative action, and second , because without that cultivating such a state of mind and of life one cannot attain the poise and concentration required for inner ascension.

So the basic stress of the enlightened teacher is laid always upon the transcendental goal. He teaches that the pranic and vigyanic energies are not of the essence of Atman, but take their birth in planes lower than those of pure spirit . He who� would use them as a ladder may transcend bodily consciousness , may reach the planes whence they originate, but he can not reach Beyond . The spirit being similar in all, the means to spiritual enlightenment should likewise be accessible to all. But , as has been seen already , such forms of yoga as� are based on the pranas or on jnana make special demands which all cannot fulfill. The pranic systems are Beyond the reach of the old or those of tender approaches were indeed the natural� ones open to few. If these approaches capacities were indeed the natural ones open to us, then the logical conclusion would be that Nature is very partial in her blessings , discriminating between man and man. why , if the sun shines for all, and the wind blows for all, should the inner treasures be available and the unlearned.

Yogas that are so discriminating in selecting their practitioners, and so exacting in their practice, cannot� be wholly natural. The method� taught by the Master's of the surat Shabd Yoga is different.� As mentioned earlier, the nature of creation and the way back to life�s initial source is explained to the seeker. At the time of initiation , he is given a first � hand inner experience which he is taught to develop. The seat of the soul is between and behind the eyebrows. This at least is accepted by all yogas. It is to this point that mystics refer when they speak of shiv netra, divya chakshu, tisra til, brahmrendra, triambka, trilochana, nukta � I � sweda , koh �I- toor, third eye, single eye, figuratively called the still point , the mount of transfiguration, etc . It is at this point that the sadhak having closed his eyes must focus his attention, but the effort at concenteation must be an effortless one and there must be no question of any physical or mental strain . or assist this effort the teacher gives the disciple a mantra, or charged verdal formula, which is symbolic of the journey ahead. This for mula , when repeated slowly and loving ly with the tongue of thought, helps the disciple to collect his scattered thoughts gradually at a single point. What gives this mantra it's potency is not any magic inherent in the words per Saints, but the fact that it is given by one who, by his own spiritual practice and mastery, has charged it with inner power. When the aspirant, by his inner concentration and by the mental repetition of the charged words, has brought his inward gaze to a sharp and steady focus , he will find that the darkness within that he at first confronted, gets gradually illuminated by shifting points of light . As his powers of concentration increase, the lights cease flickering and develop into a single radiating point.

This process of concentration, or the collection of surat, automatically draws the spirit �currents, normally dissipated all� over the body , toward the spiritual center. This withdrawal is greatly assisted by Simran or repetition of the chared mantra; and the perception of the inner light, leading to still further . In turn, dhyan when fully developed , leads to bhajan or inner hearing . The inner light begins to become resonant.

Within thee is Light and within the Light the Sound,

And the same shall keep thee attached to the True one.

- GURBANI

The practitioner, when he shuts his physical ears, gets rapidly absorbed into the music. It is a common experience that though light can catch the eye,� It is a common experience that though light can catch the eye, it cannot hold it for very long and has no very magnetic quality about it. But with music it is different. He who hears it in silence and stillness, is drawn irresistibly , as it were , into anther world , a different realm of experience. And so the process of withdrawal that begins with Simran, is stimulated by dhyan, and is rapidly extended by bhajan . The spiritual currents, already moving slowly , are carried upward, upward, collecting finally at the third eye- the seat of the soul. The spiritual transcending of physical consciousness, or death in life , is thus achieved with the minimum of effort and travail.

When students of the other forms of� other forms of yoga reach the state of full physical transcendence after along and exacting mastery of the lower charkas, they generally assume that they have reached their journey�s end. The inner plane at which they find themselves- the realm of Sahasrar� or sahasdal kamal , often symbolized by the sun � wheel , the lotus or the multifoliate rose- is indeed incomparison more beautiful than anything on earth , and in comparison appears timeless. But when the student� of the surat Shabd Yoge succeeds in rising above physical consciousness, he finds the radiant From of his Master waiting unsought to receive him. Indeed, It is at this point that real Guru � shishya or teacher � student rela tionship is established . Up to this stage , the Guru had been little more� than a human teacher, but now he is seen as the divine guide or Gurudev, who shows the inner way :

The feet of my Master have been manifested in my

forehead,

And all my wanderings and tribulations have ended.

- GURU� ARJAN

With the appearance of the Radiant Form of the

Master within,

No secret remains hidden in the womb of time.

Chirist also speaks in the same strain :��

There is nothing covered, that shall not be revealed,

and hid, that shall not be known.

- ST. MATTHEW

Under the guidance of this Celestial Guide the soul learns to overcome the first shock of joy, and realizes that it's goal lies �� still far ahead. Accompanied by the Radiant Form and drawn by the Audible Life current, it traverses from region to region, from plane to plane, dropping off kosha after� until at last it stands wholly divested of all that is not� of it's Nature. Thus disentangled and purified it can at last enter the realm where it sees that it is of the same essence as the supreme Being, that the Master in His Radiant form and the soul are not separate� but One , and that there is naught but the Great Ocean of consciousness , of Love , of Bliss ineffable. Who shall describe the splendor of this realm?

Only heart to heart can speak of the bliss of mystic� ��

Knowers:

No messenger can tell it and no missive bear it.

- HAFIZ

When the pen set to picturing this station,

It broke in pieces and the page was torn.

PERSIAN MYSTIC

Having reached the journey � s end, the seeker too merges with the word and enters the company of the Free Ones . He may continue to live other men in this world of human beings, but his spirit knows no limitations and is as infinite as God himself . the wheel of transmigration can no longer affect him , and his consciousness knows no restrictions. Like his Master before him , he does nothing for himself but works in God � s� name . If there be indeed any Neh �karmi (one free from the bonds of action ), it is he , for there is no more potent means to freedom than the power of the word.

He alone is action- free who communes with the word.

GURBANI

Freedom for him is not something that come after death (videh mukti ); it is something achieved in life itself . He is ajivan � mukta (free �in- life; a flower shedding fragrance, he spreads the message of freedom wherever he goes.

Those who have communed with the word, their toils shall end.

And their faces shall flame with glory .

Not only shallthey have salvation,

O Nanak, but many more shall find freedom with them.

- JAP Ji

In actual practice of the spiritual discipline , stress is laid on Simaran, Dhyan and Bhajan, each of which plays a specific role in unfoldment of the self. The Master gives Simran� or mental repetition of the charged words, which help in gathering to-gether the wandering wits of the practitioner to the still point of the soul between and behind the two eyebrows, to which place the sensory currents now pervading from top to toe are withdrawn, and one becomes lost to the consciousness of the flesh. The successful completion of this process of the Sanskrit root dhi, meaning �to bind� and � to hold on.� With the inner eye opened , the aspirant now sees shimmering streaks of heaven�s light within him and this keeps his attention an chored. Gradually , the light grows steady in his sadhna, for it works as� sheet- anchor for the soul. Dhyan or concentration when perfected, leads one to Bhajan or the holy light. This enchanting holy melody has a magnetic pull which is irresistible , and the soul cannot but follow it to the spiritual source from whence the music emerges. The soul is helped by this triple process to slide out of the shackles of the body and becomes anchored in the heavenly radiance of it's Self (atman ) and is led on to the heavenly home of the Father. The entire process is nurtured by Sat Naam, Satguru and Satsang , which in fact are synonymous for the� Master power at work . sat Naam is the power of the Absolute stirred into compassion and when It puts on the flesh , It assumes the form of the Guru ( word made flesh ), and works through him by means of satsang , both outer and inner, which helps the jives ripe for regeneration . This power works on all the planes simultaneously, according to the needs of each individual; by word of mouth as� a Guru in human form, sharing in all joys and sorrows of the human beings; by inner guidance as Guru deva in his astral, luminous or radiant form , and finally as Satguru � a veritable Master of Truth.

There are two ways within : jyoti marg and sruti marg ( the way of light and the way of sound),� respectively. The holy Light keeps the soul anchored and absorbed and to a certain extent leads the soul as well, but the holy word pulls it upward and carries it across from plane to plane in spite of various hurdles on the way , like blinding or bewildering lights , densely pitch darkness, etc., until the soul reaches it's destination .

A perfect science

Even the foregoing bird�s �eye survey of the Nature and scope of the surat Shabd Yoga conveys some of it's unique features. He who studies it in relation to the other forms of yoga cannot but note the completeness of it's solution of all the problems that confront the seeker when pursuing other systems. On the plane of outer action , it does not bease itself on adry and the plane of outer action , it does not bease itself on adry and the plane of outer action , it does not base itself on a dry and rigid discipline that is often laden with the consequences of psychological repression. It holds that some discipline is necessary, but adds that it must ultimately be inspired by inner spiritual experience and be a matter of spontaneous living and not of rigorous asceticism and� a too deliberate self abnegation. The seeker must strive toward� a state of equipoise and must therefore cultivate the virtue of moderation in thought and deed. The integration he thereby achieves enables him to gain greater concentration, and so higher inner relationship of sadachar to inner sadhna is a reciprocal one; each enlivens and gives meaning to the other , and one the spirit be brought to perfect one pointed ness without all human attachments and imperfections without centering centering itself in the love of the Divine?

When the qualities of the Ancient of Days stood revealed,

Then the qualities of earthly things did Moses burn away.

- RUMI

The surat Shabd Yoga not only provides a means for achieving in practice the difficult ideal of sadachar ,it also offers� a mode of life that , while rising one above this physical world, does not enslave one to the realm of Name and Form. The Master of this path know only too well that abstract speculations about the non-attributive aspect of the absolute cannot lead on to it. How can man, conditioned by name and form, be drawn directly to that which is Beyond name or form? Love seeks something which it can comprehend and to which it can attach itself, and God, if He is to meet man, must assume some shape or form. It is this recognition that inspires the devotion of the Bhakta to Shiva, Vishnu, Krishna, or� Kali, the Divine Mother. But these divine beings represent fixed manifestations of God, and once the devotee has reached their plane, their very fixity, as we have seen already, prevents further progress. The Master of the Surat Shabd Yoga wholly transcends this limitation by linking the seeker not to a fixed, but to an all-pervading manifestation of God; the Radiant sound current. It is this anhat and anhad Naam, this unstruck and unfathomable word, that supports the various planes of creation ranging from pure spirit to gross matter. It's strains pervade every realm, every region, and it runs through them like a river that flows through the valley which it has brought into being. And like the river, it exists in a fluid state, changing at every plane, yet ever remaining the same. The seeker who has been inspired by the love of the river of the Word is blessed indeed for he knows none of the limitations experienced by those who adore God in other forms. As he is drawn upward by it's beatific power, he finds it changing, modifying, becoming even stronger and purer, beckoning him on to higher and still higher effort, never allowing him to halt or to loiter, but leading him on from plane to plane, from valley to valley, until he arrives at the very source from where the Unmanifested comes into manifestation, the Formless assumes the form, and the Nameless, name. It was this completeness of the inner journey made possible by the yoga of the sound current that led Kabir to declare:

All holy ones are worthy of reverence,

But I adore only one who has mastered the Word.

The Surat Shabd Yoga is not only the most perfect of the various yogas, but it is also comparatively easy to practice, and one accessible to all. Not only to do those following this path reach the ultimate end, but they do so with greater economy of effort than is possible by the other methods. The transcendence of physical consciousness that the yogin pursuing the path of the pranas achieves only after a long and arduous discipline, is attained by practitioners of the Surat Shabd Yoga sometimes at the first sitting at the time of initiation. That this should be so is not a mere chance of accident. The fact is that the Surat Shabd Yoga adopts a more scientific and natural approach to man�s spiritual problems. Why, it asserts if the spiritual currents reaches the bodily charkas not from below but from above, should it be necessary to master each of these charkas in turn? A man standing at the heart of a valley, if he wishes to reach the rivers source, does not have to travel down to it's mouth and then retraverse the distance. It further holds that if prana and mind (even at their most refined) are not of the true essence of the spirit, then how can they be the best means of disengaging it from it's encrustation? If it could be put in touch with that which is of it's own essential Nature, like would draw like, and with the minimum of effort the desired end would be achieved. It is from the point of the tisra-til, the third eye, that the spiritual current spreads itself into the body. All that is needed is to check it's downward flow at this point by controlling one�s senses and it would of it's own accord, collect itself and flow backward towards it's source.

Shutter your lip, your ear, your eye

And if you do not Truth descry,

Then let your scorn upon me fly.

- HAFIZ

The seeker has no need to begin from the very bottom, all he has to do is to turn in the direction of the spiritual stream and the rest will follow.

What is there in reaching the Lord?

One needs only to transplant the heart.

- INAYAT SHAH

It is this simplicity of approach coupled with economy of effort that has induced many to call the Surat Shabd Yoga the Sehaj Marg or the Easy Way. It begins at the point Where other yogas normally tend to end. Sahasrar, the region of the thousand-petaled lights, which marks the end of the normal yogin�s journey after traversing the various bodily charkas, is well-nigh the first step to be taken by the follower of Surat Shabd Yoga. Further, by refusing to disturb the pranic or kindalinic energies, this yoga greatly reduces the strain of physical transcendence. By contacting the sound principle, the sensory currents are automatically drawn upward without the practitioner consciously striving to achieve this end, and the motor currents are left untouched. Not only does this simplify the process of entry into the state of samadhi, but that of returning from it as well. The adept in this path needs no outer assistance for coming back into physical consciousness, as is the case with some other yogic forms; spiritual ascension and descent are entirely voluntarily and can be achieved by him with the rapidity of thought.

The method of transcendental hearing is only an extension of our normal daily practice. When we are faced with some knotty problem, our entire conscious energies tend to focus at one point � the seat of the soul � without affecting pranic motor energies functioning automatically in our body. The Surat Shabd Yoga practitioner achieves this concentration at will under controlled condition through Simran and dhyan, and as soon as he contacts the reverberating Word, the sensory spiritual current that is still in the body is drawn irresistibly upward and complete physical transcendence is achieved.

It is the quality of sehaj, of naturalness and ease, that makes the Surat Shabd Yoga accessible to all. The music of the Divine Word is vibrating in all alike, and he who follows It's path, need no special requirements, whether physical or intellectual. It is as much open to the old as to the young, to the sinners as to the Saints, to the simple as to the learned, to women and children as to men. Indeed, women and children and the unsophisticated, owing to their simple modes of thought and their spontaneous faith, often make quicker intial headway with this method than their more sophisticated brethren. However, full attainment in this field demands unweavering perseverance and effort, which may not always be forthcoming. As no rigorous and extensive disciplines of food, physical exercise, etc., are required, it does not necessitate� sanyasa or complete renunciation of the world, and is as much open to the grehastis, the married, as to the brahmchharis, those who are under a vow of celibacy. Had the pranic and vigyanic systems� been the most natural available then we should have had to conclude� Nature to be partial, for the physical and mental capabilities they require are distributed unequally among men. If the sun and the air are available to all, why should the spiritual gifts be reserved only for the chosen few? Besides, prana� and vigyan can at best lead one to the plane of their origin and vigyan can at best lead one to the plane of their origin and vigyan can at best lead one to the plane of their origin and as they are not purely spiritual , how can they lead to the realm of pure spirit?

However , to say that that the surat Shabd Yoga is the most perfect of the yogic sciences and the most natural, is not to say that it demands no effort and that anyone can just take not have been floundering as it is today . The� fact is that competent teachers of this crown of all sciences are rare and that even when a teachers� of all sciences are rare and that even when a teacher is found , few are rare and that even when a teacher is found , few are prepared to undergo the kind of discipline required. The spirit may be willing , but the flesh is weak. Most men are so deeply engrossed with the love of the world that even after having had a glimpse of inner treasures they are reluctant to give up their worldly ways and concentrate on the possession of that which makes one the master of all . Since the stress in this yoga is always on the inner, never on the outer , no path could in a way be more exacting for the general run of men. Many can attain perfect inner concentration, undisturbed by mundane thoughts even for a few moments. Hence it was that kabir compared it to walking on a naked� sword , while the Sufis spoke of it as the rah- I � mustqim, fined. But for one whom the razor�s edge. Christ described it as the �strait and narrow way� that only a few ever tread. But for one whom the world lures not and who is filled with a passionate love of God , nothing could be easier and quicker. He needs no other force than that of his own urge and, purified of earthly attachments by his sincere and strong of Shabd toward it's point of origin , the haven of bliss and peace. Should the soul confront any obstacles on it's homing flight, it's Radiant Friend is always beside it to lead it past and� protect it from all pitfalls.

The road through the higher planes lies charted before the soul as completely as that for Hatha yogins of the lower bodily charkas , and with such a power to bear it, and such a Friend to guide , nothing can deter or entrap, nothing can disturb the steadiness of it's course. �Take hold of the garment , O brave soul, of One who knows well all places , physical , mental, supra-mental and spiritual , for he will remain thy friend in life as will as in death , in this world and the worlds Beyond,� exhorted Jalalud � din Rumi .

��

And sang Nanak:

�He that has found a true Master and pursues

�the perfect way of the Holy word shall, laughing and

�living in this world, find full freedom and emancipation

Again,

Like the lotus� shall he rise immaculate above the

Mire of the world and like the swan he shoot

forth from it's murky water untouched and untrammeled.

The Master

Apart from it's scientific approach, it's comparatively easy accessibility , it's quality of naturalness and it's freedom from the drawbacks of other yogic forms , anther distinctive feature of the Yoga of the sound current is the unique and pervasive emphasis it lays on the need at every step for a satguru, pir-experience- rah or Murshid � realize- I � kamil� (a competent, living Master ). Though something on this theme has already been mentioned under �The cornerstones ,� much remains to be elaborated.

The Guru � shish or Guru � Sikh relationship is important in all forms of practical yoga, but it is pivotal here in a unique sense. For the Guru in the surat Shabd Yoga is not only a being who explains to us the real nature of existence, instructs us in the true values of life and tells us of the sadhnas to be practiced for inner attainment, he is all this and more. He is the inner guide as well , leading the soul from plane to plane to it's ultimate destination, a guide without whose aid the soul would encounter barriers which it would be unable to Surat Shabd Yoga mount .

The role of the Master being what it is , it is little wonder that all mystics who have pursued this way should have sung of him with superlative and adoration . From Kabir , we read:

The role of the Master being what it is it is little wonder that all mystics who have pursued this should have sung of him with superlative reverence and adoration. From Kabir, we read:

I wish and long for the dust of his feet � the dust that has created the universe;

His lotus feet are true are the true wealth and� a haven of pace.

They grant ineffable wisdom and lead one on the path God ward.

And the Sikh scriptures sing :

Sweet are the lotus feet of the Master;

With God�s writ one sees them;

And myriad are the blessing that follow upon such a vision .

Guru Arjan

From the Sufis, we have:

If I were to sing praises of his countless blessings till eternity,

I could hardly say anything of them.

Jalalud-din Rumi.

Some mystics even go to the extent of raising his position above that of God:

The Master is greater than God.

- Kabir.

The Guru and God both stand manifested, whom may I adore and render obeisance?

Wonderful indeed is the Guru who has revealed the God-power within.

- Sehjo Bai.

All this may lead the skeptic human idolatry. He may ask: �why this deification of a human being? Why such praise heaped upon one who is mortal?� Mystics at times have responded to this question with holy indifference:

People decry that Khusro has turned idolater;

Indeed I have, but what has the world to do with me?

- Amir Khusro.

But sometimes, they munificence of the Master one gets naught,

Even if one engages in a million meritorious deeds.

- Gurbani.

Devotion to God keeps one entangled in this (physical) life � just consider gravely,

But devotion to the Master carries one back unto God.

- Kabir.

Enter within and verify for yourself,

Who is greater of the two: God or the Guru.

- Gurbani.

God drove me into the wilderness of the world, but the Master has snapped for me the ceaseless chain of transmigration.

- Sehjo Bai.

All great spiritual teachers have maintained that without the help of a living Master , the spiritual journey is difficult and impossible to traverse to the very end. Jalalud-din rumi, the Persian mystic, suggests this forcefully when he says:

Veiled from this was Moses

Though all strength and light,

Then thou who hast no wings at all,

Attempt not flight.

And makes his meaning still clearer elsewhere:

Find a Master spirit, for without his active help and guidance this journey is beset with dangers, perils and fears.

In the gospels it is the same strain that vibrates through the sayings of Jesus:

No man cometh unto the Father but be me.

- St. John

No man knoweth who the Father is, but the son;

And he to whom the son will reveal him.

- St. Luke and St. Matthew.

No man can come to me, except the father which hath sent me draw him; and I will raise him up at the last day.

- St. John.

While conferring apostleship on the twelve disciples, Jesus said unto them:

He that receiveth you receiveth me, and he that receiveth me receiveth him that sent me.

Wherefore he was able to save them to the uttermost that came unto God by him, seeing he ever livith to make intercession for them.

The Master is indeed the �intercessor� or Rasul, who moves between us and God, linking us to the holy word, and without him there could be but little hope of salvation. No friendship could be greater than his friendship, no love truer than his love, no gift greater than his grace. Chance winds may blow others apart and death may come to part the most faithful lovers; he alone is unfailing in life as well as in death:

I have commanded you; and, lo! I am with you always, even unto the end of the world.

- St. Matthew.

He alone is a friend who accompanies me on my last journey,

And shields me before the judgment seat of God.

-Gurbani.

Other gifts may decay and perish, but his gift, the gift of God�s word, is imperishable, indestructible, ever shining, ever fresh, ever new, a boon in life, a greater boon in death.

From where does the Master derive this unique and superhuman power that makes him almost equal to God and in the eyes of his disciples, places him even above God? can mortal flesh compete with the immortal and the finite outdistance the infinite? This may well seem a paradox to the world, but those who have crossed with opened eyes to the inner kingdom, see in this no contradiction, only the mystery of God�s greatness. The true Master is one who under instruction and guidance from his own teacher has learned to analyze the soul from the body, has traversed the inner path to it's very end, and has beheld the source of all light and life and merged with the Nameless one. After merging with the Nameless one, he becomes one with him and one with all that is. on the human plane he may appear as limited as any one of us, but on the spiritual, he is limitless and infinite even as God himself:

O my servant obey me, and I shall make thee like unto myself, I say, �Be� and it is, and thou shalt say �Be� and it shall be.

- Baha ullah � the four valleys.

The word was made flesh, and dwelt amongst us.

- St. John.

The word is the Master and the Prophet, full of wisdom deep and profound.

Guru Nanak.

When I churned the sea of body, a strange truth came to light,

God was identified in the Master and no distinction could Nanak find.

- Guru Ram Das.

Guru is Brahma, Guru is Vishnu, Guru is Shiva and Guru is the veritable Par-Brahm, and we offer our salutation to him.

The Guru-shish relationship has very often been described as below:

Who is the true Guru for a disciple?

Shabd indeed is the Guru and surat the disciple of the Dhun (Sound).

- Guru Nanak.

The Shabd-Guru is too deep and unfathomable,

Without (the controlling power of) the Shabd the world would be but a wilderness.

- Guru Nanak.

The word of the Master is Master indeed, full of life-giving water,

He who follows his word doth verily cross the strands of time.

- Guru Ram Das.

The disciple-Surat can traverse the path only with the Shabd-Guru,

Exploring the heavenly mysteries, it doth find rest in the inverted well (of the head).

- Tulsi Sahib.

Know it for certain that Shabd-Guru is the veritable Guru,

Surat can truly become the disciple of the Dhun by being a Gur-mukh (receptacle for the word).

- Bhai Gurdas.

Guru resides in the gagan (spiritual realm above) and the disciple in the ghat (between the two eyebrows.

When the two the surat and the Shabd, do meet, they get united eternally.

- Kabir.

There is an essential and indivisible relationship between God and the God-man for he serves as a human pole at which the God-power plays it's part and helps in the regeneration of the jives. It is needless to distinguish between the magnet and the magnetized field and it is therefore said:

Devotion to the Satguru is devotion to the Lord,

Satguru secures salvation by giving contact with Naam (the God-power).

Uncovetous of worldly riches, he may seem poor, but he is rich in God�s infinitude and once the mortal coils have been cast off, he is reabsorbed into the still center, subject to no limitations. What gives him his unique preeminence is precisely this spiritual at-one-moment with the absolute and to judge him on the human level is to fail to understand him. Rumi has well said, �Never take a God-man to be human; for though appearing so, he is yet much more.� It is by virtue of the extra human potential that he becomes the Master. Having merged into Divine consciousness he, in his human state, becomes it's agent and speaks not in his individual� capacity but as the mouthpiece of God:

His hand is the hand of God

And the power of the Lord works through him.

- Rumi

O! my friend, I speak nothing from myself,

I only utter what the beloved puts into my mouth.

- Guru Nanak.

I do nothing of myself; but as my father hath taught me, I speak these things.

- St. John

The Master being what he is, it is not surprising that he should be held so high. Being an instrument of the divine to praise him is only another way of praising God, and to extol him above God is not to set up an opposition between the finite and the infinite but to assert that from the human standpoint the aspect of God which bends down toward man to raise him to itself (i.e., the centripetal), is higher than that which merely allows him to run his ways in the world of relativity from birth to birth (i.e., the centrifugal), even though both at the super-human lever are seen to be one and indivisible.

A system in which the teacher is so central to every aspect of the students outer and inner discipline and progress and without whose instructions and guidance nothing could be done, must lay great emphasis on the principle of grace, and mystic literature is not wanting in stressing and underlining this aspect. But if from one angle it is the Master who bestows everything upon the disciple, it must not be forgotten that in doing this he is only repaying a debt he owes to his own Guru, for the gift he bestows is the gift he himself received when he was at the stage of a disciple, and so he usually never claims anything for himself and the Master does not add anything from outside. It is only when the gardener waters and tends the seed that it bursts into life, yet the secret of life is in the seed itself and the gardener can do no more than provide the conditions for it's fructification. Such indeed is the function of the Guru.

An ancient Indian parable vividly brings out this aspect of Master disciple relationship. It relates that once a shepherd trapped a lions cub and reared him with the rest of the flock. The cub, judging himself by those he saw around him, lived and moved like the sheep and lambs, content with the grass they nibbled and with the weak bleats they emitted. And so time sped on until, one day, another lion saw the growing cub grazing with the rest of the flock. He guessed what had happened and pitying the cups plight, he went up to him, drew him to the side of a quiet stream, made him behold his reflection and the lions own and turning back, let forth a mighty roar. The cub, now understanding his true Nature, did likewise and his erstwhile companions fled before him. He was at last free to enjoy his rightful place and thenceforward roamed about as a king of the forest.

The Master is indeed such a lion. He comes to stir up the soul from it's slumber and, presenting it with a mirror makes it behold it's own innate glory of which, without his touch, it would continue unaware. However, were it not itself of the essence of life, nothing could raise it to spiritual consciousness. The Guru is but a lighted candle that lights the unlit ones. The fuel is there, the wick is there, only gives the gift of flame without any loss to himself. Like touches like, the spark passes between and that which lay dark is illuminated and that which was dead springs into life. as with the lighted candle, whose privilege lies not in it's being an individual� candle but in it's being the seat of the unindividual flame that is neither of this candle nor of that but of the very essence of all fire, so too with the true Master. He is a Master not by virtue of his being an individual� Master like anyone else, but he is a Master carrying in him the universal light of God. again, just as only a candle that is still one burning can light other candles � not one that is already burnt out � so only a living Master can give the quickening touch that is needed, not one who has already departed from this world. Those that are gone were great indeed and worthy of all respect, but they were pre-eminently for their own time, and the task they accomplished for those around them most, for us, be performed by one who lives and moves in our midst. Their memory is a sacred treasurer, a perennial source of inspiration, but the one thing their remembrance teaches is to seek for ourselves in the world or the living that which they themselves were. Only this kiss of a living prince (Master) could bring the slumbering princess (soul) back to life and only the touch of a breathing Beauty could restore the beast to his native pristine glory.

Where the guidance of a competent living Master is such a prime necessity, the task of finding and recognizing such a genuine soul assumes paramount importance. There is no dearth of false prophets and of wolves in sheep clothing. The very term Satguru, or true Master , implies the existence of it's opposite and it is the false that meet our gaze at every turn. However difficult it manifested be to find a God-man (for such beings themselves by spectacular miracles or court the public limelight), it is nevertheless not impossible to single him out form the rest. He is a living embodiment of what he teaches, and though appearing poor, he is rich in his poverty:

We may seem beggars, but our actions are more than royal.

- Shamas Tabrez.

He is unattached to worldly objects and is never covertous. He gives his teachings and instructions as a free gift of Nature, never seeking anything in return, maintaining himself by his own labors and never living on the offering of others:

Bow not before one who calls himself a Master, yet lives on the charity of others.

He alone is of the true path who earns his own livelihood and befriends the needy.

- Guru Ram Das.

Further more, a genuine Master-soul never set up any contradictions in our minds; all the distinctions between faith and faith, creed and creed vanish at his touch, and the unity of inner experience embodied in the various scriptures stands clearly revealed:

It is only the jewelers eye that at a glance can tell the ruby.

- Bhai Nand Lal.

The one recurrent theme of such a master�s teaching is that in spite of all the outward distinctions that confuse and confound us, the inner spiritual essence of all religious teachings is the same. Hence the Master's come not to propagate new creeds or dogmas but fulfill the existing Law:

O Nanak, know him to be perfect Master who unites all in one fold.

- Guru Nanak

If he teries to convert, it is not the outward name and form that he seeks, but the baptism of the spirit within. For him, the inner life is a science that is open to men of all creeds and nations , and whosoever shall take up it's discipline, to him shall all things be added.

Thus it is the inner message that is ever paramount in the teaching of a real Master . He can best interpret the true import of the scriptures but he speaks not as one who is learned in such matters but as one� who has himself experienced what such writings record. He may use the scriptures to convince his listeners that what he teaches is the most ancient truth, yet he himself is never subject to them and his message moves above the merely intellectual level; it is inspired by the vividness and intensity of direct first � hand experience. �how can we agree,�said kabir to the theoretical pandits , when I speak from inner experience and you only from bookish learning .� He makes the seeker turn always inward, telling himof the rich treasures within:

Dost thou reckon thyself a puny form,

When within thee the Universe is folded?

- AIL

The kingdom of God cometh not with observation,

The kingdom of God is within you.

- ST. LUKE

Inviting and persuading him to undertake the discipline that unlocks this treasure he says:

Cleanse thou the rheum from thy head

And breathe the light of God instead.

- RUMI

And this discipline, if he be indeed a perfect teacher , will focus itself not on Hatha Yoga or other such extreme practices, but on transcendental hearing and seeing accompanied by a steady outer purification of one�s thoughts and deeds by means of moderation and introspective self � criticism, rather than by torture, austerity or asceticism. But the most important and least fallible sign of centered on this inner science , but at the time of initiation, he will be able to give the disciple a definite experience � be it ever so rudimentary- of the Light and Sound within and, when the disiciple has learned to rise above body � consciousness, his Radiant Form will appear unsought to guide him onward on the long journey.

The wondrous and luminous form of the Master only

A true Master can make manifest to the spirit.

- GURU NANAK

He is a Guru in vain who cannot turn the darkness (gu) into light (ruh ). And Nanak has said , � I will not take my Master at his word until see with mine own eyes.� If he is agenuine teacher, he will never promise salvation that comes only after death. Accordingly , to him it is always a matter of now and here. One who has not attained liberation in life , cannot hape to achieve it after death. Jesus too always urged him disciples to master the art of dying daily. A Master will further maintain that spirituality is a science, aldeit a subjective one, and that every individual� can and must verify it's truth in the laboratory of his own body , provided he can create the requisite condition , which is one- pointed concentration. Life is one continuous process which knows no end , though it may assume different aspects from one plane to anther , he is we have yet no knowledge and much less experience of the life on other planes , where one is from this bondage and forced comings and goings that the Master prepares the forced comings and goings that the Master prepares the way to liberation in this very life , by connecting the creation , and give one is prepared to forsake of the higher spiritual regions , provided one is prepared to forsake the flesh for the spirit . �Learn to die that you may begin to live ,�exhorted the Master� Christian. Blessed is the man who daily prepares himself to die.

�

Those in whom the eternal word speaks are delivered from uncertainty ,and it is indeed the Master�s job to make this word audible in man.

O Nanak! snap all the ties of the world,

Serve the true Master and He shall bestow on thee true riches.

- GURBANI

He who has such a teacher is blessed indeed, for he has verily made friends with God Himself and found a companion who shall not forsake him even to the end of the earth. In this life or after death , and who shall not cease to guide him until he reaches his final destination and becomes as great and infinite as himself.

A philosopher�s stone at best may turn base metal into gold,

But glory to the Master who� transform� the disciple into his own celestial mould.

Whatever one� s problems , there is peace and solace in his company , and association with him gives strength and stimulates inner effort; hence the pressing need for Satsang (association with the True one ) , for those who have not yet learned to commune with him on the inner planes.

�

A seeker must certainly be critical and discriminating in his search for a perfect Master, but having succeeded infinding one (and he who is genuine seeker will never fail , such is the Divine decree) , what will be the Nature of his relationship to him ? will he continue to be critcal of what he is told and observes? Will he continue to test every act of his teacher with the microscope of his discrimination? To maintainsuch an attitude� even after having initially ascertained the genuineness of the perfect One is to fail to appreciate his greatness and rightly respond to it. To meet such a soul is to meet one infinitely greater than oneself, and to know him to meet one with God is to be humbled is to attempt to hold the ocean in a fest tube, for he is moved by reasons that we can never comprehend.

He who can appreciate the blessing of being taken into the fold of the saturu or the murshid �I- kamil, will forever sing of his Grace , beauty and perfect love:

If the beautiful One were to take my wandering soul under his wimg , I would sacrifice all empires for the lovely mole on his face.

- HAFIZ

He will never question the actions of his Master , even if he fails to understand them, for he knows that even:

If Khizr did wreck the vessel on the sea

Yet in this wrong there are a thousand rights.

- RUMI

He will have to develop the faith of a child who , having trusted himself to a loving hand , moves as directed, never questioning anything :

� whosever� shall not receive the Kingdom of God as a little child shall in no wise enter therein.

- ST. LUKE

The cryptic words of the God � man very often baffle human understanding. His behests , at times may apparently sound contrary to the scriptural texts or ethical injunction , but in reality thay are not. One should follow them in full faith , and in due time their true significance will be reveled.

And like the child�s should be the devotee�s love, full of humility and simplicity. The purity of is flame alone shall burn away the dross of the world:

Kindle the fire of love and burn all things,

Then set thy foot unto the land of the lovers.

- BAHA � U� LLAH

Weld into one the vessel , which is now fragmented into a thousand parts, so that it may be fit to contain the light of God It is the� link between the seeker and his Friend and through Him, between the seeker and the Absolute . How can one love the Nameless and Formless and but through Him , who is His true embodiment, for as the Lord revealed to Mohammed:

I dwell neither high nor low , neither in the sky nor

On the earth, nor even in paradise,

O beloved, believe me, strange a sit may seem,

I dwell in the heart of the faithful and it is there that I may be found.

-RUMI

On this mystic path reasoning is the help , but reasoning is also the hindrance.� Love alone can bridge the� gulf , span the chasm, the relative to the Absolute . such� love is not of this world or of this flesh. If is the call of soul unto soul, of like unto like, the purgatory and the paradie. Who shall describe it's ecstasy?

Speak not Leila�s or of Majnun �s woe

Thy love hath put to naught the love of long ago.

-SAADI

Live free of love for it's very peace is anguish.

-ARABIAN POEM

A million speak of love , yet how few know,

True love is not to lose remembrance even for an instant.

-KABIR

Indeed, it is the quality of ceaseless remembrance that is of the essence of love. He who remembers in such fashion must needs to live in perpetual remembrance of his Beloved�s commandments and in perpetual obedience. Such love burns in it's fire the dross of the ego; the little self is forgotten and the lover surrenders his individuality� at the altar of his Beloved:

If thou wouldst journey on the road of love,

First learn to humble thyself unto dust.

-ANSARI OF HEART

�Love grows not in the field and is not sold in the market,

Whosever would have it , whether king or beggar,

Must pay with his life.

Carry�� your head upon your palm as an offering,

If you would step into the� wonderland of love.

-KABIR

AGAIN:

Accursed be the life wherein one finds not love for the Lord;

Give your heart to His servant for He shall take you to Him.

Such self � surrender is only a prelude to the inheriting of a larger and purer self then we otherwise know, for such is the potency of it's magic that whosoever shall knock at it's door shall be transformed into it's own color:

A over becomes the Beloved� -such is the alchemy of his love;

God Himself is jealous of such a Beloved .

-DADU

Calling on Ranjha , I myself become one with him.

-BULLEH SHAH

It is such a love that Lord Krishna spoke in the Gita, and of such a love that St. Paul preached to his listeners:

I am crucified with Christ; nevertheless I live; yet not I , but Christ liveth in me: and the life which I now live in the flesh I live by the faith of the son of God, who loved me , and gave himself for me.

-ST. Paul

It is of this that the Sufis speak when thay talk of jana- fil sheikh (annihilation in the Master):

The vast expanse of myself is so filled to overflowing with

�the fragrance of the Lord that the very thought of myself has

completely vanished.�

It is of this that the Christian mystics declare when they stress the necessity of �Death in Christ.� Without such self-surrender, learning by itself can be of little avail:

Learning is only a child of the scriptures, it is love that is their mother.

-PERSIAN POEM

The world is lost in reading scriptures, yet never comes to knowledge,

But one who knows a jot of love, to him all is revealed.

-KABIR

Such love alone is the key to the inner kingdom:

He that loveth not knoweth not God, for God is love .

-ST. John

The secret of God�s mysteries is love.

-RUMI

By love may He be gotten and hlden, but by thought never.

-THE CLOUD OF UNKNOWING

Verily, verily I say unto thee, that only they that

�have loved have reached the Lord.

-GOBIND SINGH

And we have known and believed the love that God� hath to us.

God is love; and he that dwelleth in love

dwelleth in God, and in him.

-ST.JOHN

This relationship of love between the Satguru and his shishya, the Godman and his disciple, covers many phases and many developments. It begins with respect for one knowing more than oneself . As the disciple begin to appreciate the his feelings begin to soften with the dew of love and progress, to develop faith comes greater effort, and love and he begins to develop faith , obedience and� reverence. With greater obedience and faith, comes greater effort, and greater effort comes greater affection from the Master. Effort and grace go hand in hand and each in turn helps in development of the other Like the mother�s love for her children is the love of the divine shepherd for his flock . It does not discriminate between the deserving and the undeserving but like the mother, the depths and treasures of his love are unlocked only to those who respond and return his love:

He is with all alike , yet each gets his share according to his own deserts.

-GURU AMAR DAS

�

With his greater effort and the greater grace from the Master, the disciple makes increased headway in his inner sadhnas, leading finally� to complete transcendence of his inner consciousness. When this transcendence has been achieved, he beholds his Guru waiting in his Radiant Form to receive and guide his spirit on the inner planes . Now , for the first time, he beholds him in his true glory , and realizes the unfathomable dimensions of his greatness. Henceforth he knows him to be more than human and his heart over flows with songs of praise and humble devotion. The higher he ascends in his spiritual journey , the more insistent is he in his praise, for the more intensely does he realize that he whom he once took to be a friend , is not merely a friend but God Himself� come down to raise him up to Himself. This bond of love , with it's development by degrees, becomes the mirror of his inward progress, moving as it does, from the finite to the Infinite:

� ��

Love begins in the flesh and ends in the spirit.

-ST. BERNARD

�

At it's initial phase, it may find analogies in earthly love, that between the parent and the child, friend and friend , lover point where the disciple discovers his teacher in his luminous glory within himself, all analogies

class=Section8>

�are shattered and all comparisons forever left behind; all that remains is a gesture, and then silence:

�

��

Let us write some other way

Love�s secrets-better so .

Leave blood and noise and all of these

And speak no more of shamas� Tabrez.

-RUMI��

CHAPTER SIX

THE ESSENCE OF RELIGION

In the preceding chapter, we sketched the main outlines of the sutra Shabd yoga and briefly examined its outstanding features. We saw how it posits that God, when he projected himself into manifested, took form as the world, Name, Shabd, budget, kalmia, sutra or sashay, and that these terms refer not to abstract concept of divine will or reason but to something more; a spiritual streamer of celestial harmony radiant with effulgence. This stream is at the center of all creation, bringing into being its various planes, vitalizing and sustaining them. He, who under the guidance of one who has himself mastered the way, can contact this current within, can transcend the physical world and steadily rise above all planes of relativity and, when he becomes one with it, reach back into its very source thus escaping from the realms of limitation to that of infinite consciousness and Absolute being.

To indicate that these teachings are not restricted to any one people or any one age but have a universal applicability, every important aspect was briefly illustrated from the sayings of mystics drawn from various religious traditions: Indian, Islamic and Christian.� However, these saying are only by way of illustrative references. If they really point to absolute truth and are based not on dogma but on �facts,� albeit of a supra- physical�� Nature, but facts which can be verified by anyone who is ready to undergo the discipline demanded for their study, then inquiring seeker would surely assert that these tenets should, in some form or the other, be at the heart of all great religions, and he would desire a more systematic demonstration of this than has been possible in the foregoing account of the sutra Shad Yoga. A comprehensive and detailed treatment of�� this subject is beyond the scope of this book, and at best we can only suggest some fruitful lines of enquiry, which those desiring to go further may pursue. Besides, it is a recurrent theme of all great Master's, that though their teachings are universal in Nature and may be verified from the extensive scriptural literature * of the world, yet to confine oneself merely to learned interpretation is to miss completely the true import of their teachings. All that the seeker needs to do is to ascertain from past records that what he is being told is the most ancient of truths, so that he may take up the discipline required with faith and without reservation. Final verification must be a matter of direct and first �hand inner experience and not one of bookish learning, which when carried beyond its proper limit and made an end in itself, defeats its purpose and becomes a serious distraction from the goal.�

1. ANCIENT RELIGIOUS THOUGHT: INDIAN, CHINESE AND IRANIAN

� HINDUISM

The Hindu religion is a vast ocean of religious thought, springing as it does from the earliest times, long before the dawn of history, and comprises in its multi �colored texture shade after shade, an endless variety of design and pattern as it grew in human mind; from animism to Nature worship, from powers of Nature in the abstract to personified and concretized natural forms, from gods and goddesses to the one supreme God, first personal, and then impersonal; from form to formless. The Hindu pantheon offers a view of a vast and mighty host to the curious inquirer who pierces into the mists of the hoary past.

Heliolatry, the worship of Helios or the Sun, was a common practice with the people of the world. Sol or sun has ever been adored and worshiped the entire world over from time immemorial.� The ancient Greeks and the Romans built temples to Apollo or Phoebus as they termed the Sun �God in their own time. In all their temples, the image or representation of the sun- God occupied an important place in their hierarchy. There is a famous Sun � temple in Knar, in south India, and in the historic town of Molten or the land of the sun, in the North. In addition, Jog- Maya or Jot � Maya temples dot the whole Indian subcontinent.

The ancient Greeks also spoke of Shabd. It is written of Socrates that he heard within him a peculiar sound which pulled him a peculiar sound which�� pulled him irresistibly into higher spiritual realms. Pythagoras also talked of� Shabd, for he described God was to him, �Abs lute Truth , clothed in light .� when he command an eagle to fly down to him and a bear to stop ravaging Apulia, the wondering multitude inquired of him the source from where such powers came to him. He replied that he owed it all to the �science of Light.�

Again, in the Greek language we have the mystical word Logos. It come from the root lego which means to speak and from it we have the common terms, monologue, dialogue, prologue, epilogue and so on. The Logos and stands for the �word� or Reason.� The term Logos also occurs in both Hebrew and Christian philosophy and theology and is used, in its mystic sense, by the Hellenistic and Neo � Platonist philosophers. The Christians use it to denote the second person of the Trinity.

The ancients in the West inherited his concept from their ancestors who, thousand of years before the Christian era, had come to acquire a great love and adoration for Surya which they regarded as the be-all and the end �all of all human endeavors in their search for the power of God , and a visible representation to this earth.�� They carried this notion along with them wherever they went , Eastward or westward, and composed hymns and chanted psalms in praise of the glorious orb, the source of all life on this solar planet.

Those who settled in Iran (Persia ) and came subsequently to be known as Parsees,� still worship the great deity in yet an �other form �fire- which they keep burning all the time in their temples as symbolic of the sacred� flame that burnt in the human heart and always sprang heavenward. Ratu zoroaster, the Iranian prophet of life and light, sang in loving and light ,sang in loving and living faith of the greatness of the God of light and taught the people to do so .

To eternal torture. In chapter VI of the chhandogya� Upanishad, it is said to be � the primeelement whose creation made possible that of other elements, water, earth,�etc.

Agni� or fire was a hidden secret� with the gods, who guarded this mysterious power very jealously. It was as the Greek legend goes , stolen by Prometheus and give to man, for which Jupiter, the Father God , bound himThe second brancth of the Aryans which turned eastward into the Indo �Gangetic plain also referred lovingly to Aditya; and we have hymns in theVedas addressed to Hiranyagarbha, savitar and Usha, all of which stand for the One life- sustaining power, the sun. The worshipful Master's of the Vedic age were, one and all, admirers of the purifying and healing attributes of the sun- God, and so no wonder that we see many hymns in the Vedic literature deifying the sun . In Book X, 121, we find:

�

� In The beginning rose Hiranyagarbha, born as the only lord of all created

beings;

He fixed and holdeth up this earth and heaven;

What God shall we adore with our oblation?�

What time the mighty water came, containing the

Universal germ, producing agni,

Thence sprang the God�s one spirit into being:

What God shall we adore with our oblation?

In another hymn , he is referred to as� �the self- radiant wise Aditya�

In Book I, 113, we have a hymn to Dawn and in it occur, inter alia, the folloing lines:

The light is come,� amid all lights the fairest ; born is

The brilliant, far- extending brightness.

Night , sent away for � extending brightness.

up a birthplace, for the morning�.

Arise ! the breath, thelife, again hath reached us:

Darkness hath passed away , and light approacheth.

She for the sun hath left a trvel; we have

Arrived where man prolong existence.

All this could be taken on the literal plane as little more than Nature- worship an adoration of the sun understandable among a people dependent upon agriculture for their existence. But ancient Indian literture has an elusive quality . It seem to teach us at one level, and when we have adjusted ourselves to it ,� it suddenly shifts us to anther. He who can follow its subtleties finds in it a richness rarely to be met elsewhere. There is multiplicity of meanings, ranging from the physical to the cosmicand the spiritual, and from the literal to the symbolic and esoteric, which challenge us at multiple levels of experience and offer us worthwhile rewards. Thus, when we begin studying these frequent references to the sun, we begin to see that the � sun � referred to is not always the center of our physical Universe, which we initially took it to be . Thus, in the Isha are told it to be . Thus , in the Isha� Upanishad, we are told:

The door of the True One is covered with a golden disk.

Open that , O pushan, that we may see the Nature of the True One .

After recounting such statements, when we read of Brahman or the supreme One, as being Jyotisvat , full of light, and prakashvat, endowed with splendor, we begin to discover in such terms an� endowed with significance we earlier overlooked. This comes to a head when we read the Gayatri, the tenth mantra of the sixteenth sutra in the third mandala of the Rig veda:

Muttering the sacred syllable � Aum� rise above the three regions,

And turn thy attention to the All- Absorbing sun within .

Accepting its influence be thou absorbed in the sun,

And it shall in its own likeness make thee All- Luminous.

This mantra is considered the most sacred, the mool mantra among the Vedic texts, and is taught for recitation among Hindus from an early age. Here, the inner spiritual meaning of the � sun �� becomes abundantly clear . The object of veneration is not that which provides us with light in the outside world but it is a principle that transcends the causal , and is the source of inner illumination. This principle is referred to as Aum, a term whose three letter suggest the three phases of human experience: �A� referring to the waking state {Jag �rat ),� �U� THE DREAM STATE (swapna) and �M� the deep sleepstate (sushupti). The ultimate reality includes all three planes, and the three phases of human experience, yet� goes� beyond� then . The silence that follows each recitation of the word Aum� suggests� the state� of Turiya� or Absolute Being , which is the indescribable source and end of everything . It is the� Brahman , the All � transcending One , whose prime attribute is the effulgence, but who is in himself even� Beyond� this effulgence. Hence the mantra in its original Rig Veda form has anther Lord, line added to it, which is given out only to sanyasins and chosen disciples � Paro Raj �asal Savad Aum :� He who tran-scends the effulgence is this Aum .

The Gayatri not only clarifies the routine implications of the references to the sun, abundant in the Vedas, but it also highlights another recurring theme in Hindu thought. Its wide imagery and popularity bring us to the question of mantras or verbal formulae in Sanskrit verse or prose are classified into two types: those that are meant simply for recitation and need not be understood, and those that are divine invocations, whose import must be know in order to enable the devotee to keep his attention focused on the divine object. The various mantras each have their individual� benefits . There are those whose mastery or siddhi gives one contact with magical powers of a lower or siddhi gives one contact with magical powers of a lower order ( tamsic ); there are others that bestow strength and courage and power (rajsic) ; and finally those whose sole object is spiritual upliftment (satvic). Among the last , as� we have already seen, the Gayatri is the most venerated.

The mode of mantras , since time immemorial steeses the spiritual importance of sound. If the chanting of certain verbal formulae brings magical potential or assists spiritual advancement, then there must be latent in sound itself an esteric power. This is why vak Devi, the goddess of speech, was held in high esteem. Each word has its unique character and place, but of all words Aum is the most sacred. We have already examined some of its is not only a term that connotes the qualities of the Absolute Brahman, but one that also denotes Brahman Himself . In the Rig Veda, we have:

Prajapati vai idam agref aseet

Tasya vag dvitya aseet,

Vag vai parmam Brahma.�

( �In the beginning was Prajapati, the Brahman, with whom was the Word was verily the supreme Brahman.�)

This text remarkably parallels the opening of the Gospel according to St. John:

In the beginning was the was the Word, and the Word was with God and the Word was God.

Thus Aum becomes Brahman as manifesting Itself in the Word, and in the Taittriya Upanishad, It is referred to as the �sheath of Brahman ,� as something which takes Its life from Brahman and contains Him. This aspect is made even clearer in the Sam Veda :

��

Brahman is at once Shabd and Ashabd both, ��

And Brahman alone vibrates in space.

Another words, the Absolute One is not only inner effulgence but also Beyond it, as suggested in the Gayatri. He is sound and Light are in fact referred to as His prime manifestations,�� the Gayatri� recommends that while concentrating on the Divine word Aum, we fix our attention upon the inner sun , whil in the Chhandogya Upanishad, we are told that Naad, or the divine muic, springs from the universe spiritual Sun� (of Brahmand), a secret that was given by Angris Rishi to Krishna,� the darling son of Devki ( III: 17- 6 and 93) .It was this mystic insight to be found in the srutis, the scriptures revaled through inner hearing , that led to the development of the word. The teachers of this path preached that the Absolute was Wordless, imageless, indescribable and unconditioned. When He came into manifestation , He projected Himself�� as the Sphota or the word, radiant with Light and vibrating with indescribable Music. The seeker wishing to transcend the relative plane to the Eternal and Unchanging must contact the Sphota or the word power through which he can rise to the Brahman who is certainly not easy. It is difficult to abide by and difficult to cross ; yet it is the only possible Way , for one who is true to his Guru and His cause.

Such indeed are the truths that were taught and practice by survived since then ? For the most part we find rituals such as the blowing of conches , ringing of bells, waving of lights, and the worship of the sun. These bear testimony to the mysteries within brought the best of the vedantic teaching to the heart of the common man, religion in India as elsewhere has tended to degenerate into mere caste and ceremony. The light and music outside are worshiped, but the flaming and sounding word within, toward they point , goes unheeded; �the light crieth in the darkness and the darkness comprehendeth it not.��

Buddhism

The teachings of Buddha represent in many ways a reaction against the religious traditions, some distorted, of the Vedas, and yet they confirm many of the basic tenets that we have already examined. The life of Buddha himself has become a legend embodying in a vivid and striking way,� man�s need to turn from the phenomeneal, outer world, to the noumenal, inner one. With his royal lineage and with everything that could make life happy at home, Buddha �s going out of the palace into the wilderness as a mendicant in quest of Truth was an unprecedented �sacrifice. It indeed was a heroic endeavor on his part to wander for six long years, and to resort toallsorts of austerities and physical sufferings, reducing himself to a bare skeleton. And this compels deep and abiding admiration and adoration . But� neither the life of luxury at home nor of tapas in the jungles could heldp him solve the problem of the misery, distress, sickness and death, which he had witnessed as the common lot of man�s life in the physical world . It was a momentous decision of his to forsake the ascetic life as he had done the one of luxury before. Seated under the Bodhi treein Gaya, in calm contemplation, he gave himself up to the much sought solution to the most baffling problem of life, in a seriated chain of cause and� effect (1) the undeniable fact of suffering, (2) the cause of suffering , (3) the possibility of removing from suffering . this was the path of the Golden Mean, between self � indulgence and self � mortification, both of which were equally painful and unprofitable in the search after truth . Hence it was given the name of the Middle path, consisting of righteousness in the eightfold aspects of life, which have already been described in the earlier part of this book.

This , in brief, was� the purport of the purport of the Master�s first sermon at Sarnath , delivered to the first five Bhikkus . The simple and direct teachings,free from sophistications of the priestly order �the Brahmins- who had made rites and rituals as the be �all and end �all of man�s salvation , had a tremendous influence on the people as a whole. No wonder the ruling chiefs down to the layman, who eagerly took to the yellow robe.

This is the outer aspect as in all� other religions of the world before and after Buddha�s time , and it worked well with the masses and after Buddha� s� time ,and it worked well with the masses, for it gave them a clear perspective ,� the Vedic pantheon and the Vedic mode of worship were bypassed in a single sweep , and the people were asked to evolve and elevate their conduct� and everything else would follow of ifself . This was , in a way, the every thing else would follow of itself. This was, This was in a way , the strict observance� of yamas and� niyamas� that go to make for Sadachar (right conduct), the first and foremost step in the right direction.

It does not mean that Buddha denied the existence either of God, A or of the steps leading up to Him on the spiritual path.� A mere public non-affirmation of something of higher value and vital interest far ahead of his time and which the common man was not yet prepared and ready to accept does not mean the negation of the same. The higher path was of course left for the chosen few and kept for the elect, who were worthy of the mystical� teaching relating to transcendental hearing , as we read in the Suurangama� sutra, wherein are described the spiritual experience of the highest Bodhisatvas and Mahasatvas and great Arhats, like Maha kasyapa,� Sariputra,� Samant�� Bhadra, Metaluasthema, Maudgalyana, Akshobya, vejuria, Maitreya, MAHASTHEMA �Prapta and other. All of them in their accouts testify , in one form or anther, to them in their accounts to the purple- golden brightness, the infinitude of pure mind- essence, the transcendental perception , the transcendental and intrinsic hearing experienced by the inner mind, leading to the indescribable and mysterious Sound of Dharma like the roar of a lion or the beating of drums; the penetrating power of the element of fire, making the intuitive insight luminously clear and enabling them to view all teaching Deva realms and finally the Buddha-land of Immovablility, laying bare to the core thevery heart of balanced and rhythmic ethereal vibrations. They also speak of the �supreme, wonderful and perfect Samadhi of Transcendental consciousness� called the � Diamond Samadhi ,� that is attainable by means of �Intrinsic Hearing ,� when the mind , freed from mental contaminations, loses itselfinto the �Divine Stream.��

After listening to the various personages , Manjusri, the prince of Dharma , laid great stress on attaining �the supreme purity of mind- essence and its intrinsic brightness shining spontaneously in all directions,� and exhorted the Great Assembly � to reverse the outward perception of hearing and to listen inwardly to the perfectly unified and intrinsic Sound of the mind �essence.� He then summed up the subject in the following memorable words:

This is the only way to Nirvana, and it has been followed by all the Tathagatas of the past. Moreover, it is for all the Bodhisatvas and Mahasatvas of the� present and for all in the future if they are to hope for perfect enlightenment. Not only did Avalokiteswara attain perfect enlightenment in long ages past by this Golden way , but in the present, I also , am one� of them �I bear testimony that the means employed by Avalokiteswara is the most expedient means for all.*

Again , the contemplators in the Hinayana� school of Buddhism were also called Shravaks which means �hearers,� i.e., hearers of the inner Sound- principle.

But after the passing away of the Lord , the secret teaching given by him to the chosen few gradually disappeared, and Buddhism like all other religions after religions after having served the great need� of the hour now remains just a collection of dogmas and beliefs and offers little solace to the seekers after Truth, which comes only from a Truth- realized soul, a Truth- realized soul, a real Saint with spiritual attainment and inner experience of the Reality.

Taoism

Turning to China, we find the best in Buddhist thought passing into the religious tradition of the Chinese. But along with this, we may note the message taught on his own by Lao Tze, the father of Chinese Mysticism (Hsuanchiao) or Taoism. The term Tao meaning �road� or way, denotes the hidden � principle of the universe.�

Lao Tze speaks of Tao as �Absolute Tao� which is the � Essence� and Quintessence� (the spiritual truth) quite apart from and yet immanent in its manifestations.� Just as Indian mystics had distinguished between the Aum that we chant and the Aum that Aum that is the Indescribable, Inexpressible, wordless word, So too Lao Tze tells us:

The Tao that can be told of

Is not the Absolute Tao;

The names that can be given

Are not Absolute Names.

Of the character of Tao, it is further said:

Tao is all - pervading

And Its use is inexhaustible!

Fathomless!

Like the fountainhead of all things.

Again:

�The Great Tao flows everywhere,

(Like a flood) It may go left or right.

The myriad things derive their life from It,

And It does not deny them.

And again:

The Tao never does,

Yet through It everything is done.

In Book II, dealing with the application of Tao, is given the Principle of Reversion:

Reversion is the action of Tao,

Gentleness is the function of Tao,

The things of the world come from Being, And Being comes from Non-Being.

Tao is the source of all knowledge:

Without stepping outside one�s door,

One knows what is happening in the world.

Without looking out of one�s window,

One can see the Tao of Heaven.

The further one possesses knowledge,

The less one knows.

Therefore the sage knows without running about,

Understands without seeing,

Accomplishes without doing.��

The grand Harmony of Tao, the mysterious secret of the universe, becomes manifest when :

When the mystic virtue becomes clear , far �reaching ,

And things revert back (to their source),

Then and then only emerges the Grand Harmony.

Of his own teachings (as of the great sages), he said:

My teaching are very easy to understand and very easy to practice,

But no one can understand them and none can practice them.

In my words there is a principle,

In the affairs of man there is system,

Because they know not these

They also know me not .

Since there are few that know me,

There fore I am distinguished.

Therefore the sage wears a coarse cloth,

But carries jade within his bosom.

And finally, speaking of the way to Heaven , he says:

True words are not fine sounding,

Fine-sounding words are not true.

A�� good man does not argue;

He who argues is not a good man.

The wise one does not know many thing;

He who knows many things is not wise.

The sage does not accumulate (for himself).

He lives for other people,

And grows richer in himself;

He gives to other people,

And has greater abundance.

The Tao of Heav

Blesses,but�� does not harm.

The way of the sage

Accomplishes, but does not contend.

From the above, it would be clear that Tao is the way; the way to reality, the ineffable and transcendent, the very ground of all existence, the womb from which all life comes into being . It comes only through the cultivation of stillness, or ridding the mind of the mind-stuff, a stillness which but a few can practice, enjoy and radiate to others. The process of approach to inwardness lies through reversion and purification of the spirit by putting the �self� aside. �Bide in silence, and the radiance of the spirit shall come and make its home.�It is by the alert watch- and �wait method that the mind becomes blank and still . it is to such a mind, that Nature yields her secret. We Wei� or �Creative Quietude,� which comprises and connotesat once �supreme activity� supreme relaxation ,� is vitally necessary for the realization of Tao. It is �life lived Beyond tension,� thet acts as a magic spell. Tao works without working and can never be learned and so� a senible man prefer the inner to the outer eye.� The way to Tao is ever in concord with Nature and comes by a drive toward simplicity. It is a way of life to be lived that brings in the all embracing continuity of Tao.

But now, Taoism without Lao Tze has lost its original deep meaning and has acquired a secondary sense, denoting Just individual� may order his life , and it is difficult to see how far one can by himself come to Tao by ordering his life without a Master �soul to put him on the path.

Zoroastrianism

What the Hindus refer to as Aum, Naad Shabd, the Buddhists describe as the Lion roar of Dharma, and Lao Tze as Tao, Ratu Zarathustra,� the ancient Persian sage, speaks of as sraosha, or that which is heard:

��

�I� cause to invoke that Divine Sraosha (i.e. the word) which is the greatest of all divine gifts for spiritual succour.

- Ha 33:35��

�

The creative verbum;

Assimilating one�s unfolding self with

His all- pervading reality,

The omniscient, Self � existent Life- giver has framed

This mystic Verbum and its melodious rhythm,

With the Divine Order of personal self �sacrifice for

the� universe, unto the self- sublimating souls.

He is that person who , with the Enlightened superb

Mind can give both these (Mystic Verbum and

Divine order) through his gracious mouth unto

the mortals.��

- Ha29:7

�

In Gatha Ushtavaiti, Zoroaster proclaims:

Thus I reveal the word which the Most Unfolded

One has taught me,

The word which is the best for mortals to listen.

Whosoever shall render obedience and steadfast attention unto

Me , will attain for one� s own self the

All-Embracing� whole Being and immortality;

Will realize Mazda Ahura (God head).

- Ha35:8 ��

��

But today we see only the symbolic fire burning all the time in the parsi temples and the parsi households and thechanting of psalms and hymns regardless of the living sraosha or the Creative Verbum, which the noble Iranian himself had practiced for a number of years on Mt. Alburz and of which he taught the people, as opposed to the worship of the ancient gods of Babylon and Nineveh. Bound however to the fiery symbol of the original sraosha, it is no wonder that the parsis are now known as �fire- worshipers.�

Thus we see that each Saint or sage, in his time , gave to the world what he had himself experienced, in a form that could be easily understood and assimilated by the people in general . Each one of them is worthy of the higest respect for his contribution to the sum total of spiritual knowledge that we have , but a real insight into this knowledge and actual experience of the spiritual truths cannot be the had from the past Master's, for they cannot now come down to the physical plane to give a living contact of the holy word to the people and

Establish them in communion with the Holy Spirit, call it by whatever name one may like . This needs the touch of a living Master, who like the past Master's is himself in constant touch with the Word, for all life comes from life light comes from light.

II. CHRISTIANITY

Jesus�� Christ was essentially a man� of the East , and his teachings are imbued with oriental� mysticism. It is even speculated that he spent many of his early years ( on which the Gospels are silent ) in India and may have had a foretaste of persecution from the Brahminical order and the so- called high class social circles for his catholicity of vision , for he did not believe in class barriers and preached the equality of man .*

His contribution to the religious thought of the world may be seen in the emphasis he laid on the need for universal love, and the kingdom of God within man ; the two cardinal principles known to the ancients long before, but forgotten and ignored in practice.

Think not that I am� come to destroy the law or the prophets;

I am not come to destroy, but to ful full.

- MATTHEW :5: 17

�

Let us examine some of the pertinent saying which reveal that Jesus was conversant with the ancient religious thought and practiced the path of the Master's of the Audible Life Current , saying which are often ignored or misconstrued by those studying his teaching today :

The light of the body is the eye; if therefore thine eye be

Single, thy whole body shall be full of light.

But if thine eye be evil, thy whole body shall be full

Of darkness. If therefore the light that is in thee be

Darkness,� how great is that darkness.��

- MATTHEW :6:22- 23

Obviously,�� the eye�� refers to �the single eye� and the words �if thine eye be single ,�mean concentrated awareness within at the center between and� at the back of the eyes. Again , the words �if thine eye be evil� refer to a state of mental dispersion without , as opposed to concentration within, and the result will certainly be �darkness� � darkness born of igreatest ill of the soul.

St. Luke then sounds a note of warning when he says:

�

Take heed therefore, that the light which is within thee be not darkness.��

-Luke 2:35

What I tell you in darkness, that speak ye in light:

and� what ye hear in the ear, that preach ye upon the housetops.

- MATTHEW 10 :27

Here are the words of advice from Jesus to his elect , the chosen few, viz., to carry to the people openly (in light )the significance of what they heard in �darkness,� thatis in secret meditation , and to tell of the divine melody that they heard in the ear by means of transcendental hearing.

But hearing , ye shall hear , and shall not understand :

And seeing ye shall see, and shall not perceive.

- MATTHEW 13: 14

The idea conveyed is of the esoteric Nature of the spiritual�� science which can be experience in the depths of the soul in the human laboratory of the body , and cannot be understood on the intellectual level or the level of the senses.

St . Matthew then goes on to explain the matter:

��

For verily I say unto you , that many prophets and

Righteous men desired to see those things which ye

See, and have not seen them ; and to hear those things

Which ye hear; and have not heard them.��

- MATTHEW 13: 17 ;� Luke 10: 24

In clear and unambiguous words, we have a reference to the inner spiritual experience, a realization of the kingdom of Light and Harmony, which a real Master like Jesus could make manifest to his disciples.

Like other seers, Jesus gave a mystical experience to his sincere disciples. To the multitude, he always talked in parables, like those of the mustard seed, the fig tree, the ten virgins, etc., with which the Gospels abound.

�

In a picturesque parable, he explains the sowing of the word in the hearts of the people, and tells us that the word sown by the wayside is generally stolen by Satan from the heart; that the word sown on stony ground takes no roots, endureth for a while and is washed away by the afflictions and� persecutions for the word� s sake ; that the word sown among thorns is choked by worldly cares, deceitfulness and lusts of the flesh, and finally, the word and receive, brings forth fruit

(Mark�� 4:14 � 20)

The path that Jesus taught is one of self � abnegation and of rising above body �consciousness, a process hich is tanta mount to the� experience of death- in life.

Then Jesus said unto his disciples , If any man will come after me,

let him deny himself , and take up his cross, and follow me.

For whosever will save his life shall lose it;

and whosever will lose his life for my sake shall find it.

For what is a man profited , if he shall gain the whole

�world and lose his own soul? Or what shall a man give

in exchange for his soul?

-MATTHEW 16: 24 � 26

It means one has to sacrifice the outer man, consisting of the flesh and the carnal mind , for the sake of the Inner man or soul . In other words, he has to exchange the life of the senses for the life of the spirit.

Again, the love the Lord thy God is to be made a ruling passion in life:

Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart,

and� with all thy soul , and with all thy mind.

- MATTHEW 22:37

��

St Mark goes further and adds, �and with all thy strength�

- ( Mark 12 :30).

��

This is the first and great commandment. And the

Second is like unto it, Thou shalt love thy neighbor

as thyself . On these two command ments hang all the

law and the prophets.

MATTHEW 22:37- 40; MARK 12 : 30- 31; LUKE 10: 27

The principle of love is still further amplified as follows:��

��

Love your enemies, bless them them that curse you , do

good to them that hate you , and pray for them that

despitefully use you , and persecute you.

-MATTHEW� 5: 44

And why all this ? in order to gain perfection in the likeness of God :

Be ye therefore perfect as your Father which is in heaven is perfect.

- MATTHEW�� 5:48

In St. Luke, Chapter Three, we are told that �the word of God� came John son of� Zacharias� in the wilderness,� and John while preaching the wondering crowd, �I indeed baptize you with water ; but one mightier that I cometh � he shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost and with fire�(LUKE 3:2-3,� 16).

We have to mark carefully the words �baptize by the Holy Ghost� and � fire,� for one refers to the heavenly music (the Holy word) and the other is symbolic of the heavenly Light, and these are the twin principles of sound and Light , the primal manifestations of Godhead, or God� s power behind the entire creation .��

The way to the Kingdom of God can be opened unto him who knows how to �knock� at the gate. In these three simple words, St �Matthew in Chapter Seven and St. Luke in Chapter Eleven have summed up what the aspirant has to do . Unfortunately, we do not yet know where the gate to be knocked at lies Guru Nanak also emphatically declares:

�O ye blind ye know not the gate.

About this gate, St Matthew tells us:

Enter ye in at the strait gate.. Because strait is the

Gate, and narrow is the way, which leadeth unto life,

and few there be that find it.

- MATTHEW 7: 13 � 14

It is essentially a path of conversion, for no one can enter into the Kingdom of God unless he is converted and becomes as a little child (Matthew 18:3), i.e., leaves off his vanities, becomes meek, pure, simple and innocent like a little child. St. Luke elaborates on this theme in Chapter 18:15-17 , for when the disciples rebuked them that had brought infants along, Jesus called them unto him and said, �Suffer little children to come unto me, and forbid them not, for of such (like-minded) is the kingdom of God. verily I say unto you, whosoever shall not receive the Kigdom of God as a little child shell in no wise enter therein.�

In St. John, chapter One, we come to an elaborate exposition of the teachings of Christ. He begins his gospel with the memorable words, the intrinsic sigificance of which few have cared to grasp:

In the beginnig was the Word, and the Word was

�with God, and the Word was God .

The same was in the beginning with God.

All things were made by Him;and without Him

�was not anything made that was made.

In him was life; and the life was the light of man.

And the light shineth in darkness; and the darkness

�comprehended it not. . .

That was the true Light, which lighteth every man

�that cometh into the world.

He was in the world and the world was made by

�Him, and the world knew Him not. ..

And the Word was made flesh, and dwelt amongst

�us.

In the above statement of St. John� ,there cannot be any doubts� about the Nature of the Word. It is clearly the light and life of the , Word. the Creative Life � principle in which we live , move and have our being . It is the spirit of God, the very essence of the soul but now lost in the mighty swirl of the world and all that is worldly It is only the contact with the Spirit that shows the way back to God and thus is the true religion. This contact is termed variously as the second birth, the resurrection, or the coming into life again . Addressing Nicodemus, a Pharisee and a ruler of the Jews, Jesus said:

Verily verily, I say unto thee, except a man be born

angin, he cannot see the kingdom of God �.

(Mark the word �see.�)

verily, verily, I say� unto thee, except a man be born

of water and of spirit, he cannot enter into the

kingdom of God�.(Mark the word �enter .�)

marvel not that Isaid unto thee, ye must be born again.

- John 3: 3 , 5,� 7

Jesus compares the one born of the spirit with the wind which �bloweth where it listeth, for thou hearest the sound there of , but canst not tell where it cometh, and whither it Goethe�

-(John 3: 8)

Elsewhere, he speaks of the holy word as the �living wateer,� the water that springs up into �everlasting life�

-(John 4:10,14).

Jesus speaks of himself as the �Bread of life,� the living Bread come down from heaven ; and asks his disciples to eat �the flesh of the son of man , and drink his blood,� for without these, �ye have no life in you� (John 6 ).

These in brief are the essential teachings of Christ, the Master Christian, but not of institutional Christianity. Most of the Christian doctrines were formulated not by Jesus but by St . Paul, who turned Christ into the sacrificial lamb to atone for the sins of the world, and around this central idea, as borrowed from Judaism and the cults flourishing around the Mediterranean at that time, there has grown a mass of ritual and ceremony.

The tenets of Christ remain as excellent moral precepts and doubtlessly point the way to the inner realization , for they now lack the living impulse and the pulsating touch of the teacher,. who� having completed the job assigned touch of the teacher , who having cannot now initiate and lead the people and make Truth real to them by bringing them face to face with Reality . of all the mystical teaching of Christ ,we now find but the symbolic lighting of canles in the churches and the ceremonial ringing of the big bell at the time rituals, which are the outward representations of the twin principles of Lght and sound, or the primordial manifestation of the Godhead, responsible for all that exists in the universe ,seen and unseen.

Same of the great church dignitaries , when asked , say that the bell is pulled simply to call men to the prayer, and that to speak of God as the Father OF lights (james 1: 17), is but a figurative form of speech to denote his greatest gifs (of the lights of reason and intellect ). With hardly any experience of the inner truth , they take the words literally and try to explain things theoretically.

Jesus himself�� in no ambiguous words declared:

I AM THE LIGHT OF THE WORLD :� he that followeth� me shall not walk in darkness, but shall have the light of life.

- John 8: 12

To speak of oneself as the �light of life� can have no reference to the light of the sun ,even though the solar light may in the physical world be a source of life- giving energy. In warns againt literal interpretation of his words, when he draws the distinction between �hearing � and �understanding� and between �seeig � and �perception .� It is only the awakened souls the Masterrs of Truth, in living touch wioth the Reality, who hold the key to the kingdom of the spirit and can draw forth an individual now completely lost in the life of the senses, and rediscover for him the great heritage of All-life and All- light ,for then it is said that, �The eyes of the blind shall be opened and the ears of the deaf shall be unstopped. Then shall the lame man leap as an hart, andthan the tongue of the dumd sing ; for in the wilderness shall waters break out , and streams in the desert�

-(Isaiah 35 :5)

How few of us really Comprehend and appreciate the inner significance of the words of Jeaus .�� we are content only with the ethical side of his teachings, which of course was a necessary accompaniment to the spiritual, The ethical tenets have been widely propagated and have even been assiduously kept alive, for they mark a great advance indeed in the moral scales of human values since the days of Moses.� But by themselves , of they fail to account for declarations like those about the �Day of Judgment,�� or �Repent, for the kingdom of Heaven is at hand ,� or �God is spirit and they that worship Him must worship Him in Spirit and in Truth .� If such sayings were to be taken in their literal sense, it would be to reduce them to reduce them to meaninglessness. The �Day of Judgment� has� failed to come , in spite of the� prophecy of its proximity, and either Christ was speaking in ignorance or� we have failed to comprehend his real meaning . There is clear to those who attempt to interpret it in terms of intellect or even intuition.

Not having direct inner perception (not to be confounded with philosophic significance of the teaching left to us in terms of our own limited experience. What was meant as a metaphor we take as literal , and the supersentient descriptions we reduce to metaphors. We easily forget that when Jesus said that he was �the Light� of the world,� the �son of God ,� and one who world not leave or forsake his disciples even unto the ends of the world , he spoke not in his mortal capacity , but like all other great Master's, as one who had merged with the word and become one with It . Forgetting this , instead of following him on the spiritual pathhe showed , we� think of him as a scapegoat for bearing our sins and as means of evading the inner spiritual challenge.

� III�� . ISLAM

As the name indicates, Islam is the religion of peace and good will for who believe in the prophet and follow his behests . Every religion that comes into being fulfills the purpose of God , the need of the hour, and fills a gap in the religious history of man . prophet Mohammed too came at a time and in a place which was stinking with rank superstition, idolatry, social degradation and moral bankruptcy of the virile Arab race , debased as their brethren, the Jews , and other races had sometimes been. Both Arabs and Jews are semitic in origin and the descendants of Abraham : the one from Ishmael, banished eastward, and the other from his brother Isaac, who remained in the general area� of Palestine. The rough and sturdy Bedouin tribes of the desrt, owing allegiance to none sturdy Bedouin tribes of the desert, owing allegiance to none but Mammon and Bacchus, were steeped in utter ignorance and given over hear and soul to warring against one� anther . It was to save such people that Mohamed , a deeply religious shepherd � boy , was chosen by the most High as His Elect, to carry out the fiat of the most Merciful among His creatures. The call to the Ministry of God came to him only after he had practiced intense spiritual disicipline for several years in the rough and barren cave � Ghar � I-Hira-in the suburbs of Mecca.

He started his mission in the true spirit of humility, not to work wonder and offer miracles, which he always decried and desisted� from , but as a simple preacher of God , s words, a common man like anyone else. His message was essentially that of One God , for he emphatically declared:

�There is no God but God and Allah is His Name.

� Mohammed is but His messenger, or Message- bearer.

On this fundamental basis of monotheism, he built his system of ethicl teaching and democratic brotherhood. This was indeed , the need of the time , and he admirably fulfilled it. To the barbarous, crude and intellectually semi- developed race , he could hardly offer metaphysical postulates for their consideration , specially when even even his simple teachings evoked derision and ridicule from the people,�� and fierce vilification , leading in time to open hostility, that force him and his follower to Medina for safety . It� was in the year 622 A.D when the band of the faithful migrated form Mecca, and was follwed by a period of hard struggle for the process of consolidation took about a hundred years of relentless fighting , during which was carved a mighty empire from East to West , the Indian Ocean on the one hand and the Atlantic Ocean on the other

The Koran or the Islamic Bible is a great wonder and an outstanding miracle that surpassed everything else of that period. It has one hundred and forty-four Suras or chapters, each with verses of verses varying from two hundred and eighty six to six, the number of verses going down in a descending order . It is in an elegant and polishwd Arabic and was reveaed in parts to the unlettered prophet when in moments of intense meditation , by Gabriel the Archangel of God , whose voice, originationg in the reverberation of bells, would gradually as sume sound, shape and form.

The simple teaching of the Koran center around Allah (God ) , His Makhluq or the created world Insan (man ) and Qiamat or the doomsday . since� Allah is real and basically� good , so is everything else created by Him . As all life is individual, so is everyone is to render an account for his dear the full responsibility for his deviation in the after �life, on the day of reckoning or qiamat.

The path of peace and righteousness for Man is defined as one dedicated to ( I ) Allah� or God ; ( ii) Namaz or prayer, which is enjoined at least five time a day whether standing , sitting , kneeling or lying down (to signify constant remembrance ) , and which may be performed anywhere by just spreading the prayer � carpet ( Sajadah ) and facing Mecca, the one common center of adoration for the faithful ; ( iii )zakaat or charity of one � fourth of one� s effect�s once a year, for the same human family; ( iv ) Roza or fast, during the month of Ramazan, so that faithful may know what hunger is and learn� to alleviate the sufferings of the hungry and also develop spiritual discipline , love of God, and compassion for their brethren, and lastly� (v ) Haj� or performance of pilgrimage to Mecca, the Jerusalem of the faithful, at least once in one�s lifetime, in simple sheet clothing, similar for all, thus making the rich and the poor alike ,at least for the time being .

These in brief are the social teaching of Islam, designed for the betterment of the Arabic society.� But there is the Koran not much mention of the spiritual practices of the prophet himself, which transformed a simple camel- driver into a prophet- preacher and a statesman of high order. This once again brings into bold relief the ancient formula that there is some knowledge, by knowing which all else becomes known, that brings about complete identification or meditation. We are told by the Master � Saints that the practice in the solitary Ghar �I- Hira ( cave of Hira ) , was no other than that of Shughal-I �Nasiri, or the sound that works as� an open sesame to the Kingdom of Allah .

Sheikh Mohd. Akram sabri tells us that the prophet practiced communion with Awaz � I- mustqinm for fifteen years before he started receiving messages from God. we also� learn that the� prophet accomplished Shaqul � qamar , i.e.,he broke the moon in twain astride a milk � white charger barq , which figuratively� and literally means lighting. These are clear indications of the inner spiritual experience of those who travel the path of the Sound Current and who know that they have to cross the star and the moon in their spiritual journer. Today , we see the symbolic representations of this in the star and the crescent moon on Muslim banners, coinage and post age stamps, etc. Again, the appearance of the moon on the I'd days is always hailed with rejoicing� and acclamation, and every where the people of the Mohammedan religion� anxiously�� wait and watch� from the housetops to see the dawning of new moon on the horizon, little knowing the inner meaning that it coneys. Bound to the Book , they are rightly called the Kitabis or the people of the Book ,Mohammed may be the last in the chain of the prophets who have come, but the Koran enjoins one to seek some mediator for contact with God .

Apart from these references, we have the incontrovertible testimony word , spoken highly of the saving life- line as Kalam-I- Qadim bang � I-llahi , Nida �I- Asmani , saut � I- sarmal, all signifying the Abstract sound (Ism- I � Azam, ), the one creative life � principle in all Nature � the Kalma, which created fourteen Tabrez , Maulana Rumi , Hafiz shirazi, ABDUL� Razzaq kashi, Inayat Khan , Baba Farid, Bulleh shah , shah Niaz, Hazrat Abdul Qadar, Hazrat Mian mir, Hazrat Bahu ,Hazrat Nizamud � din and many other , who� all practiced Sultanul- azkar� ( the highest sound principle ) . The Fukra- kamil, travelers in the domain of Marfat , or true wisdom, bypass both shariat and Tariqat the paths of scripture, as well as Hadis or tradition. Hadis or tradition.

HAZRAT Inayat Khan in� book The Mysticism of sound speaks of the creation as the Music of God,� and tells us that saut �I � sarmad is the intoxicating vintage from the Gar den of God.

All space, he says , is filled with saut �I- sarmad or the Abstract Sound. The vibrations of this sound are too fine to be either audible or visible to the� material ears or eyes, since it is even difficult for the eyes to see the form or color of the ether vibrations on the external plane. It was saut- I- sarmad, which Mohammed heard in the cave of Hira, when he became lost in his ideal. The Koran refers to it as Kun�feu � kun �Be and all became.� Moses Sinai, when in communion with God.� The same word was audible� to Christ when in his absorbed� in his heavenly Father in the wilderness. Siva heard the same Anhad � Naad in the Himalayas. The flute of Krishna is allegorically� symbolic of the same Sound . This sound is the source of all revelation to the Master's to whom it is revealed from within and, therefore, they know and teach the one and the blessed ones of God unite.

This Sound of the Abstract is always going on within, around and about man. Those who are able to hear it and meditate on it are relived from all worries, anxieties, sorrows, fears and diseases, and the soul is freed from the captivity of the senses and the physical body ,and become part of the All- pervading Consciousness.

This Sound develops through and into ten different aspects, because of It's manifestation through the different �tubes of the body (Nadis� ), and sounds like thunder , the roaring of the sea, the jingling of bells, the buzzing of bees, the twittering of sparrows, the vina, the flute,� the sound of Shankha� ( conch ) are heard, until It finally becomes Humility, the most sacred of all sounds , be they from man , bird,beast or thing .

In one of his addresses, Abdu�I-Baha said:

We must thank God that he has created for us both material blessing and� spiritual bestowals. He has given us material gifs and spiritual bestowals. He has give us material gifts�� and spiritual graces; outer sight to view the light of the sun and inner vision by which we may perceive the Glory of God. He has designed the outer ear to enjoy the melodies of sound, and the inner hearing where with we hear the Voice of our Creator.

In the Hidden words of Baha� u�llah, a mystic Saint of Persia, we have:

O son� of dust ! hearken unto the mystic voice calling

from the realm of the Invisible �up from thy

prison, ascend unto the glorious meadows above and

from thy mortal cage wing thy flight unto the paradise

of the placeless.

Many other sufi mystics have sung likewise:

From the heavenly turret, God bids thee home,

Alas ! thou listeneth not to the divine call,

None knows the mansion of the Beloved,

But sure enough the chiming of the bells come from

There.

- KHWAJA HAFIZ ��

Rising above the horizon, hearken to the melody

Divine,

The prophet would attend to It as to any other task.��

- MAULANA RUMI

O God, lead me to the place from where flows the

�Ineffable� Kalma without words.

- SHAH NIAZ��

All repeat the Kalma by word of mouth,

A rare soul may do it with the tongue of thought,

�

He who communes with it mentally,

He can hardly describe it in words.

- HAZRAT BAHU

In Tazkra-i �Ghausia ( p. 332 ) , Amir Khusro , great mystic pet and a scholar of repute , has given an account of the ten types of sounds that one hears within, and he beautifully concludes with the following lines:

Such indeed is the Heavenly Orchestra, O Khusro,

It is in these ten melodies that a yogin gets absorbed.

With senses stilled and the mind at rest, so saith

�� Khusro;

With the flourish of the limitless blast within ,

All the lusts of the flesh and the deadly sins fly off,

The Master too has a wonder ful world of His own,

And khusro is now deeply engrossed within his self.

From the above, it is abundantly clear that the inner spiritual experience of the sound Current is within the reach of capable of imparting provided there is a competent Master who is capable of imparting his own life � impulse, and who can bring the contact with the Light and Sound of God by opening the inner eye and by unsealing the inner ear.

�

Traces of these may now be found in the Quails or the outer music , and the reds or dances with jingling anklets in which some of the Muslims engage to produce wajd, a stae of forgetfulness, as a means to the higher inner way.

�

IV. SIKHISM

Sikhism is the youngest of the world religions, traching it's origin from Guru Nanak, the world religions, tracing it's origin from Guru Nanak , the first of the succession of ten great Guru Nanak , the first of the succession of ten great Gurus . Like other faiths, it assumed the character of a distinct religion only in subsequent times . In fact , they laid great emphasis upon them as being the truths taught from time immemorial . To underline the spiritual message ,Guru Arjan Dev ( the fifth Guru ) , when compiling the sri Adi Granth, the holy scripture of the sikha, drew the hymns and devotional pieces from the mystical writings of Saints of all castes and creeds , including kabir the Muslim weaver, Dhanna the JAT , RAVI Das the cobbler and sadna the butcer, etc.

�

The Sikh scriptures occupy a unique position in religious history. They represent not only the first delierate attempt to present the oneness of all religions ,but are composed in a language that is still alive and not a thing of the past. Hence they have lost none of their pristine freshness and have not been wholly buried under the debrine of theological interpretation. Being mainly expositional. They speak of the whole man , singing of his problems, his weaknesses, the vanity of the world and ever greater of the Absolute , beckoning� him on to greater and ever greater effort, toward , his divine home.

The language they employ lends itself to condensation �concentration-junctions being freely dispensed with � thus enabling it's poetic and musical elements to be used with great effect. Asearching philosophy and profound metaphysic are implicit in every statement, yet their writing speak directly to men �s hearts in the language that they use, whose meanings are inexhaustible and which leave an imprint on all.

Moreover, the Sikh faith springing from the teachings not of one, but of a succession of great Master's� covers almost every major aspect of man �s spiritual quest . If Buddha emphasized the need for moderation and non-attachment, Christ for love, the Sikh teachings succeed in stressing all facets Besides, being of comparatively recent origin the records of the personal lives of theten great Gurus have been preserved, and we know much of their travels and actions .Nothing in a like manner is known of the Master � souls who gave to Hinduism it's Upanishads. They speak as distant voices, reaching out to us from the remote past of mythology . The inner path is a practical one, and man needs not only philosophy but the demonstration of some life that illustrates it.� whether we read of the humility of Nanak as he passed on foot from place to place bearing the spiritual torch , or of foot from place to place, bearing the spiritual torch, or of Gobind Singh, the last of� ten Gurus, riding from one end of end of the country to the other , organizing his� followers into a brotherhood that could meet force with force and succesfuly resist the threat of physical extermination pose by the fanatical emperor Aurangzeb we realize again and again that the life of God is inner perfection , a mode of being , A self- fulfillment, not to be confused� with intellectual philosophy or metaphysical conundrums. He who had won this spiritual liberation could not be touched or tarnished by outer action , for he had made God�s Will his own and did noting of himself. And so, while leading his warriors to war against the Moguls, Guru Gobind Singh could yet sing :

Sach Kahun , sun leyo sabhay

Jin prem kiyo, tin he prabh payo.

Verily,verily I say unto you

They� that loved , found the Lord.

To attempt to outline the mystical message of the great Sikh Gurus would be to repeat most of what we have already said in the preceding chapter. For the teachings of Nanak and of kabir (his cotemporary ),� represent the final development of the mysticism of inner seeing� and hearing into the path of the surat Shabd Yoga. Both great Master's- one the first of the line of Sikh Gurus and the second a weaver of Varanasi (formerly Benares ) , were indefatigable in emphasizing the inefficacy of outer ritual , intellectual sophistication and yogic austerities:

��

Sant mata kuchh aur hai Chhado chaturai

The path of the Master's is distinct:

Let go thy intellectual subtleties.

- KABIR

One cannot Comprehend Him through reason , even

If one reasoned for ages;

One cannot achive inner peace by outward silence,

not though one Sat dumb for ages;

one cannot buy contentment with all the riches of

the world, nor reach Him with all mental ingenuity.

- NANAK

�Both Saints decried caste distinction , and they were alike in stressing the unity of all life, the oneness of spirit that sustained everything, and both declared repeatedly that the highest and most feasible way to at � one- ment with God lay through the path of Naam or Shabd . Indeed, no other scriptures are so insistent on the all � pervasiveness of the word as are those of the Sikhs or the writings of Kabir , a selection of which as has already been mentioned , was include by Guru Arjan Dev in the Sri Adi Granth. The inner light � anta jot � and the inner music is limitless (anhad bani ),are a recurring theme in nearly all of thecompositions contained in the Granth Sahib .�

The Jap Ji by Guru Nanak , which figures as a� prologue to the Granthsahib , may serve to illustrate the spiritual riches embedded in the Sikh scriptures .It is a wonderful lyrical compositiopn remarkable for it's poetic beauty, and even more� for the divine heights it reaches. It opens by dwelling on the nature of the Absolute Reality as distinct from the phenomenal:

��

There is one Reality , the Unmanifest Manifested:

Ever- existent, He is Naam (conscious spirit ) ;

The Creator pervading all:

Without fear , without enmity;

The Time less, the unborn and theself- existrnt,

Complete within Itself.

- PROLOGUE

THIS reality is Beyond human reason , and the path leading to It is single:

One cannot Comprehend Him through reason, even

If one reasoned for ages.

- STANZA I

And yet , It may be reached, and the path leading to It is single:

There is a way ,O Nanak : to Make his will our existence.

His will which is already wrought in our existence.

- STANZA I

It is not something outside of us but within; it is� a part of our being, our very essence, and all that is needed is to attune ourselves to It, for be attuned to It is to be freed from the bondage of the ego and therefore of maya:

All exist under His will,

And nothing stands out side,

One attuned wit however His will, O Nanak , is wholly freed ��

From� ego.

- STANZA I

��

How may one attune oneself to the divine Will? The answer is hinted at in the very opening itself:

Through the favor of His true servant the Guru,

He may be realized.

This subject is taken up in Stanza XVI in greater detail:

The Saint ( the word � personified ) is acceptable at

His Court and is the chief elect therein;

The Saint adorns the threshold of God and is honored

Even by kings;

The Saint lives by and meditates on the One word.

The gift of the true Master is a gift of Naam, in which he himself is an adept. This word is the manifestation of God�s will and command and is at the heart of all His creations:

With one word of His , this vast creation blossomed

Into being,

And a thousand streams of life sprang into existence.

- STANZA�� XVI

The way to at- one- ment� with God�s will is through attunement with the word:

By communion with the word one becomes the abode of all virtues;

By communion with the word, one becomes a sheikh, a pir and atrue spiritual king;

By communion with the word, the spiritually blind find their way� to Realization;

By communion with the word, one crosses Beyond the Limitless Ocean of illusionary matter;

O Nanak ! His devotees live in perpetual ecstasy,

For the word washes away all sin and sorrow.

- STANZA XI

��

Hence it is that Nanak declares:

Exalted is the Lord, and exalted His abode;

More exalted still His Holy word.

- STANZA XXIV

Having outlined the Nature of the Absolute and the way leading to mergence with It, Nanak goes on to tell us of what is required to successfully pursue the journey. It is not neces �sary , he implies, to turn an outward sanyasin; what one must do is to be sanyasin� in spirit , dispensing with external forms,� and instead to inculcate the inner virtues:

Let contentment be your ear -rings; Endeavor for the Divine and respect for the Higher� Self be your wallet;

And constant meditation on Him your ashes; Let preparedness for death be your cloak� And your body be like unto a chaste virgin; Let your Master�s teachings be your supporting sfaff. The highest Religion is to rise to Universal Brother hood, Aye, to consider all creatures your equals. Conquer your mind , for victory over salf is victory over the world. Hail, Hail, to Him alone, The primal , pure, Eternal, Immortal and Immutable in all� ages.

- STANZA XXVIII

Finally , in the closing of the closing sections of the Jap Ji, Guru Nanak� gives us� abird�s � eye view of the spirit� s pilgrimage. The first realm to be transcended is the plane of Dharm Khand �the Realm to be� transcended is the plane of Dharm� Khand �the Realm of Action , or the world of good and evil deeds as we� know it. Next comes Gyan Khand or the Realm of Knowledge, the First of the inner heavens, full of gods and demi- gods:

Countless it's elements, air water and fire, And countless Krishnas and sivas, And countless the Brahmas fashioning various creations of countless forms and countless hues. Countless the Fields of Action , countless the golden� mountains�. Countless the sources of creation, countless the harmonies, countless those that listen unto them. And countless the devotees of the word, Endless and unending , O Nanak ! this Realm.

- STANZA XXXV

If knowledge is the reigning virtue of this region, ecstasy is that of this region , ecstasy is that of the next, which is Sarm khand, the Realm of Bliss. This plane is Beyond description� and whoever tries to describe it� must repent his folly . Herein at last, the soul is freed from it's mental adjuncts and finally comes into it's own:

��

�Herein the mind , reason and understanding are ethe-

Realized, the self comes to it's own, and develops the

penetration� of the gods and sages.

- STANZA XXXVI

BUT �higher stil� stands Karm Khand, the Realm of Grace- grace earned through right action and meditation.

Here the word is all in all, and nothing else prevails,

Here dwell the bravest of the brave, the conquerors

of the mind, imbued with the love Divine�.

All hearts filled with God , they live Beyond the reach

Of death and delusion.

- STANZA XXXVII

This is the realm where the soul finally escapes the coil of relativity; the bonds of time , death and change no longer affect it . But though it dwells in the constant presnce of the Lord, it may move still further to merge into His formless

State:

Sach khand , or the Realm of Truth, is the seat of the Formless One, here He creates all creations, rejoicing in creating . Here are many regions , heavenly systems and universes, To count which were to count the countless. Here, out of the Formless, The heavenly to move according to His will. He who is blessed with this vision , rejoices in it's Contemplation. But , O Nanak , such is it's beauty that to try to describe it is to attempt the impossible.�� - STANZA XXXVII

This is the realm where the soul finally escapes the coils of relativity; the bonds of time, death and change, no longer affect it. But though it dwells it dwells in the constant presence of the Lord , it may move still further to merge into His Formless State:

�

Sach Khand , or the Realm of Truth , is the seat of� the� Formless One, here he creates all creations, rejoicing in creating. Here are many regions, heavenly systems and universes, To count which were to count the countless. Here, out of the Formless, The heavenly plateaux and all else come into form, All destined to move according to his will. He who is blessed with this vision, rejoices in it's contemplation. But, O Nanak such is it's beauty that to try to describe it is to attempt the impossible.

- Stanza XXXVII

This is the realm where the soul finally the coils of relativity; the bonds of time, death and change , no longer affect it. but though it dwells in the constant presence of the Lord, it may move still further� to merge into His Formless state:

Sach Khand , or the Realm of Truth, is the seat of the For less One, Here He creates all creations, rejoicing in creating . Here are many regions, heavenly systems and uni-verses, To count which were to count the countless. Here, out of the Formless, The heavenly plateaux and all else come into form, All destined to blessed with this vision, rejoices in it's contemplation. But , O Nanak , such is it's beauty that to try� to describe it is to attempt the impossible.

- STANZA XXXVII

The world shall go on along the rails of good and evil deeds, caught in the limits of Karma , but:

Those who have communed with the word, their toils shall end, And their faces shall flame with glory.

Not only shall they have salvation, O Nanak, but many more shall find freedom with them.

FINALE

Through the plains of the Punjab , sweeping away all the false distinctions of caste that a decadent Brahminism had created.

At a time when religious bigotry between the Hindus and the ruling Muslims was growing , it demonstrated the unity of all true religions, purifying Hinduism of it's servility to outer ritual and setting up before Islam the higher inner ideal it was forgetting in outer names and forms. It is no accident� that the sufi� tradition and the Sikh religious movement should have flowered at the same time . Indeed, history at many points , suggests an active cooperation between the two . Some of the Sikh Gurus , especially� Guru Nanak and Guru Gobind Singh, and their followers like Bhai Nand� Lal, were masters of per-sian and have left some exquisite compositions in that lan- guage. Guru Nanak is said to have journeyed to Mecca and, like his� successors, had many Muslim disciples, while sufimystics like Hazrat Mian Mir were on intimate terms with Guru Arjan . Both the sufi and the sufi and the Sikh Master's were not tied to dogma, and taught the lesson of universal brotherhood. They acted and rected unon eachother , and it is significant� that the surat Shabd stress in the writing of the greatest Sufis and in the Sikh scriptures, a fact summed up by Inayat Khan in the passage already quoted from his book The Mysticism of sound.

But the teachings of all great Master's tend to trail off into institutions sfter they leave this world. Those of the Sikh Gurus have been no exception to the rule. While they Sikh exercise a profoundly uplifting influence upon themasses, they no longer impel them to mystic efforts as they once must have done . that which once sought to transcend all religious divisions has itself once sought to transcend all religious divisions has itself become areligion . That which sought to castigate caste and caste- emphasis has gradually developed a certain outer forms and ritual has cultivated a form and ritual of it's own.� At every religious ceremony , people hear verses chanted , singing of the glories within:

All knowledge and meditation sprang from Dhun� (the sound principle),

But what That is, defies definition.� �� - GURU ARJAN

The true Bani (word ) is given� by the Guru,

And is reverberating in the Sukhmana.

- GURU NANAK

The unstruck Music is heard through the Grace of a God man ,

But few there be who commune with it.

-GURU ARJAN

And yet these verses are chanted without heeding or under-stnading the deep spiritual meaning hidden in them.

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CHAPTER ONE

Yoga: An Introduction

CHAPTER THREE

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CHAPTER FOUR��

Advaitism

Chapter five

Surat Shabd Yoga

THE ESSENCE OF RELIGION

Chapter seven

SOME MODERN MOVEMENTS

Roscrucianism,� Theosophy and �I am� Activity

Christian science and Subud

Hypnosis and mesmerism

CONCLUSION

CHAPTER ONE

Yoga: An Introduction

CHAPTER THREE

���������� ���������������������������

CHAPTER FOUR�� ��

Advaitism

Chapter five

Surat Shabd Yoga

THE ESSENCE OF RELIGION

Chapter seven

SOME MODERN MOVEMENTS

Roscrucianism,� Theosophy and �I am� Activity

Christian science and Subud

Hypnosis and mesmerism

CONCLUSION

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CHAPTER FOUR��